摘要:

AbstractExplores how preattributional variables describing an event (i.e. consensus, consistency, distinctiveness, and effectuality) as well as dimensions of attributions given to explain the event (i.e. locus, stability, globality, and control) determine subsequent emotions and expectations. In a first pilot study, subjects described actual emotion‐evoking incidents. The results indicated that these free descriptions included preattributional variables more often (43 per cent) than attributional appraisals (13 per cent), and that the hypothesized preattributional cues were used to describe the emotions. In a second experimental study, preattributional or attributional information about an event was presented, and subjects were asked to judge an actor's emotions or expectations. The time needed to make this judgment was recorded. Judgments and response times were not significantly different after preattributional or attributional information, but were different for distinct emotions and expectations in accordance with the hypotheses. The data were interpreted as suggesting that people possess cognitive schemas about the preattributional and attributional determinants of emotions, and that these schemas speed up the processing of diagnostic inputs that shape emotion

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies compared the relative strength of motivational assumptions drawn from SIT (e.g. Tajfel, 1978) and memory‐based assumptions drawn from the differential familiarity hypothesis (Linville, Fischer and Salovey, 1989) in explaining ingroup bias and the black sheep effect (Marques, 1986, 1990). In Study 1, 15 subjects estimated member distributions and gave overall ratings of an ingroup and two outgroups. In Study 2, 42 subjects performed similar tasks for ingroup or outgroup, and evaluated likeable and unlikeable group members. Results showed, first, that overall group ratings account better for ingroup bias than do central tendencies of group distributions. In addition, likeable and unlikeable ingroup members were, respectively, upgraded and downgraded relative to their outgroup counterparts. Finally, whole ingroup ratings as well as judgements of likeable and unlikeable ingroup members proved more independent from variability and central tendency of underlying distributions than did similar outgroup judgements. Results are discussed in light of motivational and knowledge‐based determinants of group judgeme

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWestern societies can be characterized as individualistic: the person is seen as a situation‐free distinct agent, relatively autonomous from contextual influences. By contrast, many Eastern societies are collectivistic with a more ‘holistic’ view of the person: people are conceptualized in terms of their relation to the environment and their actions are primarily understood in terms of this relation. This difference implies that in Western cultures the ‘psychological self’ will be prominent, in Eastern cultures the ‘social self’ will be more salient. We report the results of a study carried out in the Netherlands, comprising Dutch, Turkish and Moroccan children in which these differences in self‐concept and the comparison of self with similar and dissimilar others, were investigated. A strong culture effect was found in the hypothesized direction: Dutch children referred more to psychological aspects, whereas Turkish and Moroccan children referred more to social aspects. These differences were found in both the self‐descriptions and the co

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the past, leadership was perceived to be the special province of males and still females tend not to occupy top management positions. Traditional social stereotypes hold that a leader needs to have typical masculine characteristics: he needs to be competitive, aggressive, tough and successful. Due to important changes in the conception of the societal female and male gender role during the last decades it can be assumed that the classical sex role stereotypes have at least become less polarized.Obituaries concerning deceased male and female managers, published in the years 1974, 1980 and 1986 in four daily newspapers were content analysed. Terms used to describe the managers were classified into 53 categories and included in a correspondence analysis. The results show that images of male and female managers were dissimilar in 1974 and 1980 and were still different in 1986. Male managers were perceived as intelligent, knowledgeable, experienced, outstanding instructors, unselfish opinion‐leaders with an enviable entrepreneurial spirit. Women, on the other hand, were described as adorable, likeable superiors in 1974 and 1980. Some years later, in 1986, they became fighting managers: their surviving colleagues described them as courageous, highly committed workers who, nevertheless are still lacking in knowledge and expertis

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFor Canadian‐born Greek‐Canadians, the failure of Athens' bid for the 1996 Olympic Summer Games was presumed to evoke social comparison at a group level. Although this process may influence social identity (collective self‐esteem), the effect was expected to be qualified by the subject's degree of involvement or self‐engagement with the event. Pre‐event (prior to the announcement of the awarding of the Games to Atlanta, U.S.A.) and post‐event responses were obtained from 63 female and 44 male Canadian‐born Greek‐Canadian university students. In a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for pre‐event collective self‐esteem, involvement and levels of post‐event positive emotions enhanced the prediction of post‐event collective self‐esteem on three subscales directly related to self. Low involvement subjects and those experiencing less post‐event positive emotion evidenced a decline in post‐event collective self‐esteem, whereas their high counterparts exhibited a relative stability in esteem scores. With a comparison group of 84 Canadian‐born Italian‐Canadian university students, for whom the outcome of the Olympic bid was irrelevant to their ethnic origin, involvement and affect were unrelated to post‐event collective self‐esteem. Results were interpreted as consistent with previous research linking group failure to increased group cohesion and involvement with stab

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKahneman and Tversky (1982) have proposed a simulation heuristic such that perceivers tend to substitute ‘normal’ antecedent events for exceptional ones in psychologically ‘undoing’ a given outcome. Recently Gavanski and Wells (1989) have demonstrated that exceptional outcomes tend to be perceived as caused by exceptional events and normal outcomes by normal events, a finding more in line with the representativeness heuristic than this ‘normalization’ principle. We argue that representativeness may be determined by the evaluative tone of events as well as by probability—namely that positive events are assumed to underlie positive outcomes and negative events, negative outcomes. Both normality and value were independently manipulated in order to test the relative effects of each of these factors. In contrast to Gavanski and Wells our data indicate that preference was given to the similarity of value between events and outcome for undoing both positive and negative and normal and exceptional outcomes. Some implications of these findings for counterfactual processing

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA substantial amount of research exploring the theoretical parameters of social identity theory has utilized artificially created ingroups and outgroups. This study aimed to examine the propositions of social identity theory between naturally existing groups (French and English Canadians) where the dependent measure was more consequential than typical ratings within this experimental paradigm. Subjects read a transcript of a rape trial which varied the ethnicity of the defendant and victim and were asked to rate the victim and defendant on 18 adjectives and then determine the defendant's guilt on a 7‐point scale, while the results are not entirely consistent with the predictions emanating from social identity theory, we did find that French Canadian subjects rated the outgroup (English) defendant more guilty when the victim was from the ingroup (French) than when she was from the outgroup (English) as was anticipate

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment (n = 36) was conducted to test the hypothesis that attribute typicality moderates intragroup differentiation. The predicted reversal from perceived relative ingroup homogeneity on typical ingroup attributes to perceived relative outgroup homogeneity on typical outgroup attributes was confirmed for both homogeneity measures (standard deviation and probability of differentiation). But the ingroup homogeneity effects were more reliable than the outgroup homogeneity effects. Relative ingroup size (minority versus majority) was included in the experimental design as a between‐subjects factor but did not qualify the reversal of perceived relative homogeneit

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUtilizing a group product evaluation paradigm, a study was conducted to investigate anticipated outgroup evaluations. Specifically, it was proposed that ingroup members view outgroups in a way that leads them to anticipate discrimination. Results indicated, as predicted, that while subjects expected outgroup members to favour their own (outgroup) product, they expected impartial judges to agree with their own more favourable rating of the (ingroup) product. It is thus suggested that while subjects saw outgroup members as biased in their anticipated evaluations, they saw their own evaluations as relatively impartial. The results are discussed as an expression of ethnocentric attribution.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420220401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY