ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractJudgments of attitude statements with the method of equal‐appearing intervals have been found to vary as a function of the judges' attitudes. In this paper explanations of the relationship between judges' attitudes and judgments of attitude statements in terms of models of psychophysical judgment are discussed. It is argued that psychophysical models such as adaptation‐level theory, the range‐frequency model, and the ‘rubber‐band’ model and its derivations, cannot account satisfactorily for judges' performance of the attitude rating task in a great number of studies. The reason for this failure, it is argued, is that the stimulus series employed in the psychophysical judgment research on which these models are based typically varied only on the dimension being judged. The sets of statements judged in attitude rating studies, however, vary not only on the dimension of interest (favourability—Unfavourability) but also on a number of other dimensions. It is suggested that this incidental stimulus variation of attitude statements may account for the failure of psychophysical models to predict accurately the performance of judges in the attitude rating task. It is argued that if principles which could account for the effects of this incidental stimulus variation on attitude ratings could be incorporated into psychophysical models, the predictive qualities of these models could be improved considerably. One such model

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCognitive consistency theories predict changes in evaluation within an existing frame of reference. This frame of reference must be defined in terms of those dimensions or aspects of the situation that appear most salient to the individual concerned.The same siuation may appear balanced or unbalanced, depending on which dimensions are seen as salient. The tendency to maintain balance may therefore reveal itself in a tendency to see as salient those dimensions in terms of which a given situation will appear most balanced. This is consistent with evidence from the judgment of attitude statements, which suggests that individuals will regard as most salient those dimensions along which their own evaluations of a set of statements will be most congruent with the value connotations of the terms by which the judgment scale is labelled.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPositivity bias is approached from three viewpoints: (a) It may be the effect of purely cognitive dispositions. (b) As such, it may function as an hypothesis about reality. The related dynamic factor would be a tendency toward cognitive validity which may lead to an orientation toward the negative as a means to test the positivity‐hypothesis. (c) Finally, the subject may seek rewarding behavioral interactions with entities within his life space. In this context cognitive positivity bias may reflect a behavioural approach bias which can be related to the dynamics of ‘mere survival’ and ‘self‐actua

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn three parallel experiments, subjects rated their impressions of hypothetical 20‐year‐old males described by means of single or combined personality trait adjectives on 36 bipolar (Semantic Differential) scales. These ratings were a) intercorrelated across the scales (Q‐technique) and factor analyzed separately for each subject, and b) submitted to an analysis of variance separately for each scale. It was shown that 1) when contradictory adjectives were combined the major portion of the variance of judgments fell on dimensions independent of that which characterized the contradiction; 2) there were substantial inter‐individual consistencies in the direction of the deviation from that dimension; and 3) the utility of a linear model for the prediction of judgments of combined adjectives increases with increases in the extent to which the subject experiences the combination as consistent. However, the utility of the linear model decreases considerably and consistently if the combined adjectives are experienced as non‐c

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are two aims to this paper; to report in brief preliminary form a number of studies on group risk‐taking that have been carried out in Bristol in the past two years, and to relate these studies to an explanation of group risk‐taking phenomena primarily in terms of group polarization. The paper has five sections. The first section supplies some background material regarding basic phenomena and previous attempts at explanations. The second section relates to initial individual decisions and the third section to decisions following group discussion and consensus. In the fourth section a tentative explanation of group risk‐taking effects is proposed in terms of group polarization processes, together with something like an overall value for risk. Group polarization itself is discussed in terms of normative and informational aspects of social influence. The final section deals with two implications of the proposed explanation, one relating to the role of individual familiarization and the other to the generality of group polarization proc

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA reanalysis of data obtained by Kogan and Wallach, 1966 is presented. Wherever the original analysis showed the extremity of unanimous group judgments in general not to be different from the average extremity of individual judgments, the present analysis indicates that these group judgments differ from the average of individual judgments: they are significantly more extreme than the average positions of the individuals.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between riskiness of decisions and confidence in decisions was examined using Choice Dilemma items. Graphs show a clear curvilinear relationship between riskiness and confidence; on both risky items and cautious items greater confidence is associate with extremely risky and extremely cautious decisions than with moderate ones. it was also demonstrated that individual subjects have more confidence in their extreme decisions than in their moderate ones.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010411

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY