摘要:

AbstractAjter a brief discussion of work on experimenter‐bias, it is suggested that the possibility of less well documented biases should be considered. A number of such biases are suggested. They are presented in terms of their source, namely the political ideologies, cultural backgrounds, biographical characteristics and personal characteristics of scientists. In considering implications of biases, three reactions are discussed: ignoring, controlling and understanding them. In particular, it is proposed that understanding the operation of bias might be furthered by working towards a taxonomy of biases, organized in terms of the sources of biases and the points in the research process at which they intrud

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article attempts to introduce and investigate a new variable in the experimental study of groups: the representation system. This study deals more specifically with the riile played by the representation of the task. This representation of the task constitutes the theory, the system of hypotheses individuals work out with respect to the nature of the task and the means to use in order to carry it out.The key results of this study are that group performance depends on the representation of the task, with optimum effectiveness achieved when the representation of the task and its objective nature coincide. Another finding is that the structure of communications within the group is determined by the representation of the task rather than by its objective character. It was also established that the representation of the task determines the cognitive process adopted by the group. Thus the entire group activity is tied to the representations in its midst. The group organizes itself, regulates itself interactions, and determines its priorities in terms of these representations.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Pollyanna hypothesis is extended into the field of intertrait inference to predict that inferential thresholds for positively evaluated characteristics will be lower than those for negatively evaluated characteristics. This prediction is confirmed, and is shown to have important implications for models of inference rules.Data from several studies are analysed to reveal that the Pollyanna threshold effect is reliably greater for women than for men, and it is shown that this effect is unrelated to sex differences in extremity of responding.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study explored the different interpretations of the 4‐3‐2 power pattern (Caplow, 1956) in the standard pachisiboard situation, originated by Vinacke and Arkoff (1957).The results show that A (=4) does not misperceive his power more than B (=3) or C (=2), as Kelley and Arrowood (1960) and Vinacke and Arkoff (1957) assumed. The results also did not fit the predictions of game theory (Shapley and Shubik, 1964). Gamson's (1964) explanation was not confirmed either.The conspiracy hypothesis (Hoffman et al., 1954), which states that if the players perceive that they are comparable and one of the players is given an initial advantage, then the two other players will conspire against him, can explain the results of this study reasonably w

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper, which draws on follow‐up data collected from English subjects first tested as adolescents and then, 1I years later, as young inen of 24–25, falls into three parts.Part I examines the structuring of responses to authoritarian statements. No general authoritarian factor could be isolated in either adolescence or in adult life. Instead, four separate authoritarian response tendencies, each with its own antecedents, significance and predictive value, were obtained. Only the adolescent measures correlated significantly with ability level. This, together with the greater stability across time of the responses of the more able 13–14 year olds, led us to hypothesize that some of the variance in adolescent scores was cognitively, not motivationally, determined.Part II reports a series of experimental studies (using additional data from the follow‐up investigation) testing the cognitive and developmental hypothesis, which received support.Part III proposes a general model for the consideration of attitudes, in which any given attitudinal response is located in a three‐dimensional space of cognitive complexity, personality needs and social

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments are reported here in which Ss were asked to rate videotapes of a performer reading friendly, neutral and hostile messages in a friendly, neutral or hostile non‐verbal style. These messages and non‐verbal styles had previously been presented independently to a separate group of Ss jor rating, in order to obtain an estimate of their individual strengths in terms of six rating scales, and thus permit a matching of verbal (messages) and non‐verbal (styles) cues in the experiment where both types of cues were presented in combination. The results of both experiments indicate that non‐verbal cues had a greater effect on ratings made on 7‐point scales, such as hostile‐friendly, than verbal cues. The magnitude of this greater effect of non‐verbal cues, however, was dependent on the relative strength of non‐verbal as opposed to verbal cues. In the first experiment, both types of cues were approximately equal in strength when ruted alone; here non‐verbal cues accounted for 12.5 times us much variance us verbal cues, and produced 5.7 times as much shift on the ratitig scales. In the second experiment the verbal cues were much stronger than the non‐verbal cues when rated alone. Here the relative effect of non‐verbal cues in the second experiment was diminished; the ratio of non‐verbal : verbal variance was now 1.67:1. When verbal and non‐verbal signals were inconsistent, the performance was rated as insincere, unstable and confusing ‐ which was not found in earlier experiments on the

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420010301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY