摘要:

Abstract120 subjects took part in an Asch type experiment, using a material which was suitable for the measurement of indirect influence. The subjects were given the consistent incorrect response of a source which was either a majority (the response given by 88 per cent of a parent population of college students) or a minority (12 per cent). Part of the subjects were told that the experiment was investigating perceptual illusions and an example of such illusions was given. An authority condition was also introduced: the experimenter himself gave the incorrect response. A control condition did not involve any influence or illusion. The results show that direct influence increases when there is a stronger symbolic social pressure. They also show that an indirect influence may be induced by a numerical majority (provided that the subjects believe that there is an illusion) as well as a numerical minority (provided that an illusion does not invalidate its response). These results underline how important it is to control the exact significance of experimental situations that are supposed to represent the psychological conditions of majority or minority influence.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSemin and Strack (1980) demonstrated that the findings obtained by Snyder and Swann (1978) with respect to an hypothesis‐confirming strategy in social interaction were due to the assigned task, and not to a person's hypothesis.In our first experiment we replicated Semin and Strack's results. In a second experiment, employing a more effective manipulation of the subject's hypothesis, support was obtained for an effect of the hypothesis factor. It was concluded that both an assigned task effect and an hypothesis effect can be demonstrated in the laboratory and probably exist in realit

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study investigated social consensual conceptions concerning the appropriateness relation between an initiative aggressive action and the reaction to it. To this end subjects were asked to choose between four configurations of mediatory information between B's initial act and A's reaction (i.e. ‘A's offence at B's behaviour’, ‘inappropriateness of B's behaviour’, ‘A's personal standards’, ‘A's fear of negative consequences’), so as to combine identical initial acts with incompatible reactions (i.e. ‘escalation’, ‘breaking’ of, and ‘compensation’) into meaningful episodes.The statistical procedure used, configural frequency analysis, shows that as compared with the number of theoretically possible configurations, very few were selected by subjects (with a high degree of unanimaty) as being specific to a particular type of reaction.Apparently subjects have definite and uniform conceptions about the appropriateness of incompatible reactions to certain aggressive actions

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of the factors norm deviation, intent, and injury, on the judgement of a critical act as aggressive and sanctionable was tested using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design.Scenarios depicting aggressive interactions represented the experimental conditions. 859 school children rated these scenarios on bipolar rating scales.The results show that norm deviation, intent, and injury, are important criteria for the interpretation of aggressive behaviour. Judging an action as sanctionable proved to be more sensitive for the variation of factors than the interpretation of behaviour as aggressive.In addition, an analysis of how the scenarios representing the experimental conditions were subjectively interpreted by the subjects was carried out. This showed that all combinations of the three definition criteria are psychologically meaningful. However, preferences were observed for specific interpretation pattern

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies are reported indicating that changes in attractiveness induced by psychological reactance are eliminated by a restoration of freedom only if the restoration occurs immediately following the threat. When the restoration was delayed, changes in attractiveness were attenuated but were still significant, no matter whether the restoration occurred by chance or was under subjects' vicarious control. A threat immediately followed by a restoration, however, may be perceived as one event, and thus may not be very threatening. Therefore, the absence of reactance effects after immediate restoration may be due to a weak induction of reactance rather than to a reduction of reactance. To this extent, the incomplete reduction of reactance effects found after delayed restoration, on the other hand, calls into question earlier conclusions (based on immediate restoration) that reactance is completely reduced by restoration of freedom and that reactance effects will no longer be obtained.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of occupational deviance and role overload on Fear of Success (FOS) scores were investigated following Bremer and Wittig's (1980) finding that these inflate FOS scores when a story cue describing a female character is given to respondents of both sexes. This finding was replicated by the present study. However, stories were also given that described events involving a male character. In this condition occupational deviance and role overload produced no such effect upon the FOS scores. Bremer and Wittig's suggestion that these two variables are independent of the sex of the cue character is therefore refuted and it is argued instead that these variables will be interpreted very differently depending on the sex of the cue character.The finding that male and female respondents produce very similar FOS scores to the same stories provides further evidence that such measurement techniques evoke sex‐role stereotypes rather than an indication of the individual's motivation. The particular relevance to Parsons and Goff's (1980) emphasis upon the incentive value component of the McClelland/Atkinson Motivational Model is also explore

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDifferent attribution theories differ from each other less by their relation to different epistemic problems than by their taking account of different goals to which causal attributions can be functional. The process of causal attribution is influenced by the goals to which causal attributions are functional. A second criteria for differentiating attributions theories is that they proceed from different information bases.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEffler's recent criticisms of the lay‐epistemic model are considered. It is argued that various attributional models indeed address various attributional goals but this is because of (and not instead of) their concern with different attributional problems. Furthermore, while some attributional models deal with causal dimensions rather than with specific causes, and/or attend to the influences of important human needs this does not satisfactorily establish the non‐arbitrary character of goals featured in those models. Finally, while noncommon deducibility constitutes a principle applicable only to a multi‐propositional problem rather than universally, logic, motivation and cognitive contents enter conjunctively into the process of human inference. This view is juxtaposed to the suggestion that they represent disjunctive strategies of inference on which the knower may draw in various circumst

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the present experiment subjects made a decision between two alternatives which was either reversible or irreversible. After the choice, subjects evaluated the attractiveness of both alternatives once more under different time levels. It was found that with increasing time level, re‐evaluation of alternatives increased under irreversible and decreased under reversible conditions. The results are discussed in the framework of dissonance theor

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProlonged deprivation and future orientation (FO) were studied in 200 Indian and Nepalese students of 14–16 and 18–20 years with verbal measures. In both cultures low deprived subjects were significantly more future‐oriented. In the development of FO both age and deprivation were significant with experiential aspect of socialization exerting greater influence than physico‐economic depr

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420140411

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY