摘要:

AbstractIn 1908 Ebbinghaus distinguished between the long past and the short history of psychology. The short history dated from 1879 when Wundt established a psychological laboratory at Leipzig. The long past concerns the time when psychology was a branch of philosophy. Implicit in such a break with the past is a positivist philosophy of science. I show how this philosophy of science distorts the historical record. I then analyse the history of social psychology. Unwittingly Lindzey and Aronson (1985) distinguish between the long past of social psychology as part of the Western intellectual tradition and its short history as an experimental science that is mainly American. Murchison'sHandbook of Social Psychology(1935), whilst marking the boundary between the long past and the short history, belongs to the long past. The break with tradition came in 1954, when Lindzey published the firstHandbookin the modern series. There is a self‐conscious need, in the post World War II era, to train a whole new generation of social psychologists. The Lindzey series ofHandbooksmeets that need. The ‘progress’ of modern social psychology is now measured in terms of its distance from the Murchison milestone of

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210502

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdolescents from three Italian cities responded to a questionnaire concerning the particular peer‐group with which they were associated and identification with their family, aspects of the process of coping with seven developmental tasks, and demographic characteristics. The participants were 1600 male and female teenagers, with a mean age of 16.28 years, who were approached at schools and various meeting places in three Italian cities. The study shows that effective coping with developmental tasks depends largely on the degree of identification with both family and peer‐group. Those who identify with both social groupings show advantages in various critical situations. Adolescents only identifying with either family or peers get emotional and instrumental support from that group but not from the other, thus, they are supported in some critical situations but not in others. Adolescents who are unwilling or unable to identify with their family and/or their peers are less successful in managing the transition to adulthood than others who are close to their parents and peers. Consistent with the findings of previous studies, the type of group adolescents join, be it a formal group or an informal street group, has no significant effect on their coping strateg

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210503

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of sex membership and its salience on individuals' self‐stereotyping and the motivation to define oneself positively (self‐enhancement). Bem's (1981) gender‐schema and Markus's (1977) self‐schema theories were interpreted within the framework of inter group relations, which emphasized their respective bipolar and unipolar structures. The use men and women made of these cognitive schemas, as well as of self‐enhancement, was tested by examining latencies in self‐descriptions on the BSRI attributes (Bem, 1974). Subjects described themselves and rated the stereotypicality and the positiveness of these attributes in one of two situations. A situation stressed a personal level of categorization (the individual setting), another a social level (the group setting). The first hypothesis was that the situations influence individuals' selection of specific self‐defining strategies. Results supported this expectation when considering the motivational strategy and the gender‐schema. Self‐enhancement was slightly more used in the individual than the group setting, and the gender‐schema was salient only in the group setting. The second hypothesis was that distinct self‐stereotyping processes occur as a function of the sex of the subjects. Support for this hypothesis was again found only for the gender‐schema, with women displaying this schema more than men. Sex differences in schematic thinking were interpreted as ensuing from status positions of women and men

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210504

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn investigation was made into the stability of important self‐described goals of young men and women aged 18 to 20 years old using the results of analyses of two goal assessments having an intervening period of 5 months. A theoretical perspective was adopted which assumed goals are ‘future selves’ or ‘possible selves’, thus linking the self concept to motivation. An adapted version of Nuttin's Motivational Content Analysis (1985) was used to assess individual goals. It was hypothesized that women may have greater instability of self concept and ‘possible selves’ than men. Findings of the study showed the contrary, and revealed that men and women had similarly stable goals over time. Results are compared to other research on the self concept and to the problems of self concep

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210505

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hypothesis that the degree of contextual dependence of interpersonal verbs (as defined by Semin and Fiedler (1988) in their LCM) significantly affects the strength of causality implicit in such verbs is assessed in an experiment.Results show that both the strength of causal inference induced by the verb and the degree of respondents' confidence in their own judgements increases from descriptive action verbs (DAV), to interpretive action verbs (IAV), to state action verbs (SAV), to state verbs (SV). Furthermore, the effect of contextual factors (gender of the stimulus sentence subject and object and respondents' gender) is shown to be stronger for more descriptive verbs like DAV and weaker for more abstract verbs like SV.

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210506

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPerspective‐taking is central to much social interaction, but the processes by which it is accomplished are poorly understood. The current study examines accuracy and bias in one type of perspective‐taking: inferences about what others know. Twenty‐two New York City landmarks were presented in three conditions: Picture Only, Picture‐+ Name and Name Only. Subjects estimated the proportion of short‐ and long‐term New York City residents who could identify each landmark from its picture. They also rated their subjective recognition of the stimuli. Subjects in all three conditions were good at estimating stimulus identifiability, but their estimates were biased in the direction of their own knowledge. Estimates of the difference in identifications by short‐and long‐term residents were relatively inaccurate, probably because the two groups differed less than anticipated. For most but not all subjects, subjective feelings of recognition were significantly correlated with estimates of identifiability. We conclude that perceptions of the distribution of knowledge are

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210507

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research suggests that people who experience romantic jealousy in their relationships are typically low in self‐esteem and high in neuroticism. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the effects of personality are moderated by the nature of the relationships. Data based on 101 respondents suggest that the jealousy–personality correlations are more apparent among dating couples with less established relationsh

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210508

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0046-2772    

DOI:10.1002/ejsp.2420210501

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY