ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00532.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00533.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryContemporary Developments in Rural Life in EuropeRunning through a great deal of discussion in contemporary rural sociology in Europe is to be found the question: “Will there be a genuine rural‐urban difference in the Europe of the future?”It is against the background of an ever‐developing urban‐industrial society that what is called rural society is increasingly studied. In America an analogous development has led rural sociologists to formulate a new interpretation of rural life, in which the key concept is urbanised social organisation, in the sense that rural people as well as urban are said to live in the same essential pattern of social organisation.Should this tendency be carried to its logical extremes, there would be little future for a specifically rural sociology or rural life in Europe. It is for this reason that a good deal of heart‐searching is going on in the ranks of European rural sociologists at the present time. There is a real danger that rural sociology could become almost exclusively a descriptive and adaptative excursus in the processes of an urbanising society.If this danger exists it is due in large measure to a lack of an adequate conceptual apparatus such as would ensure due definition and orientation to studies. This situation is reflected in a noticeable concentration on micro‐social as against macro‐social studies, with the result that rural sociologists are far from certain as to what indeed is, rural society as such.The reasons for this situation are connected with the pragmatic origins of rural sociology, both in America and Europe, and with a general reaction to the exaggerated conceptualisation and systematisation of earlier theoretical sociology.There is need for a renewed effort at an understanding of the meaning and nature of rural society as such. In particular, the question should be asked whether it is possible to develop a progressive rural society, yet one that is not characterised by an urban social organisation in the specific city sense?In undertaking this task, rural sociology should place more emphasis than has been customary on an understanding of rural life and society through an understanding of rural people. This calls for the use of the techniques of social psychology, anthropology, etc. as well as those of strict sociology. It calls also for the bestowing of more attention than is usual on the ‘guiding images’, ‘goals’, and ‘values’ of different rural societies i

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00534.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTechnological and Economic Changes in Agriculture and their Impact on Farm PopulationThe most important actual reaction in European agriculture to technological and economic changes is the trend towards concentration. This paper deals with the sociological consequences of concentration, without going further into the differences caused by various forms of concentration.Attention is given to: the impact of concentration on the freedom and independence of farmers; the problem of concentration of power and its control; the relations between agricultural land tenure and concentration; the influence of concentration on the position of rural people in the society and on group relationships; the importance of higher levels of education for the success of concentration; the significance of the guiding image of the ‘family farm’ within the framework of concentration; and the relations between concentration and changes in agricultural structure.The following conclusions arise from these considerations:a. The implications of concentration on the rural population do not introduce fundamental changes, but they increase the force of tendencies which were either already working in agriculture, or workingin the global society without yet having touched agriculture.b. Concentration does not offer a permanent solution to the problems of agriculture, but it is actually the best form of adjustment to changing economic and social conditions.c. Concentration is most suitable for viable farms and qualified operators. The process of concentration will promote the disappearance of submarginal economic units.d. The interdependence of agriculture, industry and trade will be considerably increased by concentration in agriculture. Remainders of economic and social independency in the rural society will be broken down. The forces of concentration promote and establish the integration of agriculture in the global soci

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00535.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryInstitutional Changes in Rural LifeIn dealing with institutional problems, particularly when referring to rural development, the sociologist should not avoid value‐judgements. With increasing institutional specialization and growth, an increase occurs in individual and collective social action of an intentional character. This intentionality calls for an explicitation of the values underlying the action. Sociology today is unable to meet this problem because of its ‘ethical agnostic’ approach.In choosing an explicitly non‐ethical‐agnostic approach, the societal trend towards emancipation or freedom is elected as a guideline for sociological analysis. Freedom is provisionally defined as: opportunity or possibility to consciously exercise control on one's own future. With some examples it is shown that rural sociological research at present does not acquire meaningful information about the interplay between individual and institutional intentional action which brings about socio‐economic development.A continuum of rigidity for the overall societal institutional context, as being the specifically institutional counterpart of the traditional‐modern continuum, is hypothesized as a tentative framework for discussing institutional changes. In order to show the validity of the hypothesis, two polar cases for the degree of rigidity in the overall institutional context, present within the same large class of fairly developed societies, Sweden and Italy, are compared. The illustration is tentative, because the author has had to resort to non‐sociological documentation. The conclusion is that the major differences between the two institutional contexts will be functionally related mainly with the type of institutional education and with the degree of authoritarian and autocratic thinking in either case.Passing on to examine a few recent institutional developments, it is stated that their importance for the development of the countryside can only be evaluated if the possibilities for change in collateral institutional fields are also taken into consideration.In the countryside, a process of formalization of functions into new institutions is to be noticed, but the process is not likely to have an equal intensity all over Europe. The continuum of institutional rigidity can help to explain several apparent contradictions in this field which have not so far been cleared by sociological research.Similarly, although educational standards are rising in the countryside everywhere, this is no yardstick for measuring educational development: the place of the society on the continuum should be taken into account.Finally, some overall institutional trends in developed countries are reviewed: the increase in autonomous forces, a shift of political power from the local to national (or ‘higher’) levels; the increasing importance of economic profitability in institutional development; the trends towards the forming of ‘two‐layer’‐societies; the forming of an image of society as a ‘firm‐like’ organization.All through the discussion of these various points comments are made on the shortcomings in sociological research.In the conclusion some major contradictions in the ideology of a value‐free exercise of sociological research are briefly analyzed. Instead of taking the position of an uninvolved technician or judge of other people's doings, the sociologist should work on the basis of a professional ethic, whereby major tasks would be found in the study and discovery of social phenomena in as far as these are disfunctional

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe Rural‐Urban ContinuumRecent powerful criticisms of the rural‐urban continuum make clear the need for new conceptual orientations. Detailed studies of central areas of cities demonstrate the existence of urban villages in which the pattern of social relationships does not support notions of urban‐ism as a way of life. Settlement types appear in general to be less important than class and life‐cycle characteristics in determining ways of life, yet an ideal‐type metropolitan village, reached as a result of empirical research in S. E. England, demonstrates that this particular settlement type may be an important element in the life‐style of a specific cosmopolitan middle‐class group. Thus, some people are in the city but not of it, whereas others are of the city and not in it. Bothgemeinschaftlichandgesellschaftlichrelationships are found in different groups in the same place.In an attempt to assess whether the continuum should perhaps be better conceived as a process rather than a typology, empirical studies from various parts of the world are reviewed. The common theme appears to be the confrontation between the local and the national and this is as likely to occur in the urban as in the rural physical setting. This confrontation is seen as a process of crucial importance for the rural sociologist who is primarily interested in small‐scale societies. Future research might fruitfully use the concept of role and social network, or study patron‐client relationships and community power structures when attempting to illuminate or understand the process.There are a whole series of continua, which together form a process, acting not so much on communities as on groups and individuals at particular places in the social structure. Rather than a continuum it would be better to imagine a whole series of meshes of different textures superimposed on each other, together forming a process which is creating a much mor

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe Interaction of Social Change and Physical PlanningIn the introduction some remarks are made concerning the necessity of physical planning. Various definitions of physical planning are discussed leading to the conclusion that the execution of a policy invariably means a synthesis of physical elements, social aims and economic forces.Following the introduction a paragraph is devoted to the social changes which affect the physical lay‐out of our countries. Demographic, economic and social changes are reviewed. It is concluded that far‐reaching urbanization will be the result of these changes. This urbanization, in juxtaposition to all the changes already taking place, will lead to the fact that agriculture will be pressed even harder and be confronted with the necessity to adapt. It is noted that demands are made upon rural areas from the urban regions. The countryside will be, next to an area of agrarian production, a recreation area and spatially an open area. This necessitates a change of policy with regard to agriculture and rural areas. The various ways in which this can be done are demonstrated by the Dutch situation. The country is divided into primarily agriculture areas, agricultural‐recreational areas, agricultural areas in the urban sphere, and buffer zones. Special attention is paid to the legislation on physical planning in general and on rural reconstruction in particular.The paper ends with the confirmation that there is a definite interaction between physical planning and social change. Finally, it is emphasized that co‐ordination of the various policies carried out by ministries, provinces and municipalities is an absolute necessity for really satisfactory physical p

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1966.tb00541.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY