ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1965.tb00518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1965.tb00519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryReport on the First Meeting of the Working Party on Rural Sociological ProblemsThe meeting in Paris was designated as the First Session of the Working Party because of its new status becoming a regular subsidiary organ of the European Commission on Agriculture. Actually, the Working Party has held five meetings since 1958.The last meeting was convened at the headquarters of the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD). Fifteen member countries of the European Commission on Agriculture were represented, with Luxembourg attending the Working Party for the first time. Italy and the Netherlands each sent one additional observer along with their official delegations. For the first time a speaker from the United States of America took part in the proceedings. Two other rural sociologists from Canada and the Philippines also attended the closing session of the Working Party.One outstanding feature of the Working Party was the active support and participation of the representatives of the ILO and UNESCO who presented two excellent papers dealing with Rural Migration and Sociological Repercussions on Industrialization.One other highlight in the proceedings was the presentation by Prof. Larson, of a paper describing the development of rural sociology in the United States and its contribution to agricultural extension, home economics and rural youth work.There was lively discussion on the problems of smallholders indicating that this subject prescribed as one of the most important phases of research at the beginning of the Working Party was again regarded as basically sound for continuation in the program.The future course of research leading to action was indicated in the program of the next biennium, which consists of three main subjects:a.Rural Social Changes in Europe;b.The Rural Family in a Changing Environment;c.Social Aspects of Group Action in Agriculture.Under (a) above four projects have been included dealing with: (i) the enquiry on economic and social conditions of rural population in mountain regions; (ii) research on social repercussions of mechanization in agriculture and of industrialization in rural areas; (iii) study of the problems of rural migration; (iv) different forms of part‐time farming.Other projects under (b) will deal with the social situation of rural women and rural youth. The Working Party recommended that the European Society for Rural Sociology be entrusted with the research work needed rather than through separate arrangements with individual consultants or with national research instituti

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1965.tb00520.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryEvaluation of Agricultural Advisory Work in IrelandThe material reported here is based on a study of agricultural advisory work carried out by our Agricultural Advisory Service. This study has fact finding as well as evaluational aspects.The purpose of the study is:1. to provide information on the extent to which farmers are putting into farm practice the more important recommendations of the Advisory Service;2. to enquire into the effect of certain characteristics which advisers believe to determine farmers' adoption of improved farming practices;3. to enquire into farmers' information seeking habits, the flow of agricultural information between farmers and farmers' habits in this regard.Over and above the purposes specifically stated, a primary consideration in undertaking this kind of study was to introduce the Advisory Service to some of the techniques available for evaluating the effectiveness of advisory programmes.The need for the study is given by the facts that the Advisory Service, concentrating on the individual and personal approach, could give a great deal of attention to a relatively small proportion of the farming population only and that there is a feeling that the acceptance of an appreciable number of improved farm practices has been confined to a rather small group. Does this mean that information is not diffusing from the Service's ‘clientele’ to the majority of the farmers ? In developing his programme the adviser's guide lines have been his own and his colleagues' experience and their common sense. If a reservoir of systematically acquired information on advisory programmes and methods were available, advisory work could be carried out more effectively. In‐service Training Courses, which must draw on educational and communicational theory for its subject matter, are more effective when systematic studies are available to show the applicability of theory to advisory work.In the study, the sample unit is the local community and 30 such communities selected at random make up the study population of 2,373 farm managers. A questionnaire was used to collect the information and this was administered by the local agricultural adviser.Each farmer was given a practice adoption score. The practices were the ones deemed most important by the adviser and each practice was weighted according to its importance in the adviser's programme.The study shows that 40% of farmers are in fairly close contact with the Advisory Service. Some 10% of farmers have adopted all or nearly all the important farm practices recommended, while almost one half of farmers are practising a very small number or none. Forty per cent of the study population were adjudged to have a farm plan to guide them as against 60% who were guided by traditional farming routine.The farmers with high adoption scores are younger, better educated, acquired managership at an earlier age and have bigger farms. The Advisory Service is justified in devoting considerable time in providing and or promoting Agricultural Education and promoting General Education. The Advisory Service might be more effective if it was more selective in those to whom it channelled information dir

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1965.tb00521.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe purpose behind the research conducted by the Social Workers Bureau of the Servizio Contribute Agricoli Unificati (Italian State social security agency for the agricultural sector) on the phenomenon of the flight from the land to the cities in contemporary Italy is to determine a future course of action as regards this sector.It was centered on the influx of rural folk into Rome, in the light of the observation that since the capital is not an industrial city in the strict sense of the term (and that therefore this was an apparently absurd choice as migration point), this was the ideal situation for a motivation study.The study was made in two separate phases, the first in those communities from which migration to Rome has occurred and the second in the capital itself.As regards methodology, for each phase of the study there were first established the problem, working hypotheses for the research, and territorial units to be used for investigation purposes, then sampling surveys in selected territorial units were undertaken and, finally, individual interviews were held (in Rome, among new arrivals, and in their villages, with those members of families who had remained behind) along with a careful description of both milieus.One finding was that it was not only agricultural workers who were leaving rural areas but persons in other categories and occupations indirectly linked with the agricultural economy (craftsmen, small merchants, etc.) as well.The true causes of this exodus have to be sought not only in economic circumstances (underemployment and under‐retribution) but also in the social aspirations of the migrants to a new way of life and new prospects for their children, discontent with the environment into which they were born and the low social status of farm workers, and finally, the romantic vision of the big city and the expectation of its fulfillment of certain desires (anonymity, greater opportunities for employment, amusements, etc.). The fascination and prestige of the capital (and the conviction that it is easier even for unskilled labour to find employment there) explains the choice of Rome as destination.As a rule, the migrations are chain events very often ending up, among readily identifiable categories of persons, by the installation of these migrants in temporary, squatter slum areas, no steady but rather haphazard employment and in their failure to become economically established. To this picture must be added difficulties of adaptation to the new environment, the inevitable changes in status and in the role played by the various members of the family.In the rural areas from which they came, the flight from the land has also upset the labour force equilibrium, agriculture tending to be left in the hands of the old folk and women, with the concomitant acquisition of a new social status and new roles for those who remain behind.As regards the impact of such internal migration on the social security and social welfare structure there was found:1. a lack of co‐ordination among social service agencies themselves as well as between these and social security agencies;2. overburdening of the social security structure because of the disproportionate number of old folk and women not contributing to the funds but rather drawing benefits in rural areas while relief rolls have grown in Rome; and3. the difficulties of regularizing the social security position of migrants in Rome, due either to ignorance of the law, their illegal retention of their names on the social security register in their villages of origin and, finally, extortion or disregard of the law by certain employ

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1965.tb00522.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe Role of Regional Organization in Rural DevelopmentThis paper constitutes a report on the concept of regional organization in Israel and some aspects of its implementation. The term ‘regional organization’ is used in its broadest sense, covering formally organised enterprises as well as networks of relations, and including both manifest and latent functions. Regional organization is treated both as a method of development and as a social system growing out of daily interaction. The paper consists of four parts:first, a brief outline of rural and general development in Israel is sketched, as the background against which regional organization is analysed.Second, the concept of regional organization in Israel, i.e. the goals and functions, is presented.Third, the problems which arise during the implementation of this concept are discussed, including:a.the size and composition or the regional system,b.its ecological basis as opposed to its functional character,c.the scope of regional cooperation,d.the internal conditions necessary for the sustained development of the regional system as a whole,e.the general institutional conditions suitable for regional development.Fourth, and finally, a brief description of a current research project on some of these problems is gi

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1965.tb00523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryContributions of Rural Sociology Research and Evaluation to Extension Development in the United StatesThe development of rural sociology in the United States as a scientific discipline corresponds in time to the development of extension work (advisory services). An understanding of the characteristics of the extension services among the states and of changes made over time facilitates understanding the contributions of rural sociology to extension development in the United States. The institutional setting in which rural sociology has developed also helps to explain the contributions which the discipline has made to extension.Five categories of sociological contributions to extension may be identified. In the broadest sense, sociology contributes ‘understanding’ to extension about problems, situations requiring policy decisions, and about extension itself. In the narrowest sense, sociology may contribute a single item of data or a specific methodological technique which may be utilized for extension purposes.The five categories of contributions are: (i) understanding of basic concepts relevant to extension, such as adoption and diffusion of new farm ideas and practices, social action, leadership, locality groups, and informal groups; (2) techniques ‐ developed by sociological research ‐ which may be applied by extension, such as locality group identification and delineation techniques and the sociometric technique for locating informal groups and their leaders; (3) understanding of general problem situations about which broad policy decisions must be made for the extension system; (4) understanding of specific problem situations about which operating or procedural decisions must be made; and (5) research on the extension system itself, along with evaluation of the extension organization, program, methods, and results. Included in the last category is sociological research and evaluation of basic experimental approaches or programs undertaken by extension. Illustrations of these contributions are cited.The direction of changes made by extension has created increased need for sociological kn

ISSN:0038-0199    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1965.tb00524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY