摘要:

The limited progress made by the developing countries in securing a New International Economic Order is reviewed, noting “excuses” made by developed countries for lukewarm support or even opposition. Official development aid is defended as a necessary, second best, policy, given trade restrictions by developed countries. It should be greatly enlarged, especially if developing countries would be willing to accept tighter conditions to ensure its economic effectiveness. The remainder of the paper argues the case for a reassessment of the damage done by developed to developing countries by protectionist policies and reviews two controversial areas in the economic analysis of developing economies—rural income distribution and impact of multinational corpora

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00735.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Farm income trends and developments in farm structure have varied within the UK in the last decade. While Wales and Northern Ireland have similarities in form structure, agricultural production has risen to a much smaller extent, and farmers have suffered more severe net income reductions, in Scotland and Northern Ireland than in England and Wales. The net incomes of Cropping farms rose faster and, in England, have remained much higher than those of Dairy or Livestock farms. Large numbers of small farm businesses depend on beef cattle and sheep production and have limited development prospects. As most of their occupiers are unlikely to find other employment, structural problems will persist and policy adjustments are suggested to enable agriculture to contribute more to the economy in remote and depressed localities.

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00736.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Concern over the incomes of farmers has been a fundamental but ill‐defined component in the agricultural policies of the UK and many other industrialised countries. Attention is drawn to the inability of the UK's annual White Paper aggregate income figure to reveal much of the income position of farm families. Current income from farming is only a partial measure of the potential spending power of farmers: many have off‐farm sources of income which must be taken into account when, for example, assessing poverty and these sources appear to be growing in relative importance. In the longer term, capital gains form part of the returns to landowning farmers but are usually ignored. The frequently‐found combination of low current incomes and great wealth has prompted the use of a measure of economic status which combines the two. A prime requirement appears to be a more precise statement of the aims of income policy and the use of income measures most appropriate to the circumst

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00737.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The particular history of French agriculture and the general intellectual environment in France have given the agricultural economics profession in that country a specific character which, in spite of many internal controversies, is illustrated by common beliefs about agriculture and common attitudes regarding research approaches contrasting with that of the profession in many other countries, including Britain.After the second world war, the development of agricultural economics was marked by the demise of ‘ruralism’, an ideology of agrarian fundamentalism, and its replacement by ‘productivism’, an ideology emphasizing economic growth and based on a simplified neo‐classical paradigm. The surge of Marxism and dissatisfaction with the results of the policies advocated by the productivists led to a questioning of that paradigm. As a result, major hypotheses, theoretical issues, and concepts too often taken for granted in France and elsewhere should be re

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper first considers some of the legislation, and associate measures, affecting the availability, the form and presentation, and the price of foods to consumers. Little work seems to have been undertaken, and published, which would seek to establish the costs and benefits of ‘food law’. Food law can act as a non‐tariff barrier; and within the EEC, because of the elimination of other barriers to trade, national legislation now attracts much press and political comment. The EEC's food law harmonisation programme, and the implications of the Cassis de Dijon case, are briefly reviewed. As with food law in general, there appears to be little economic appraisal of the EEC's mea

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00739.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Multiple land use management for agriculture, conservation and other objectives is a generally accepted goal. Where land use change is economically beneficial to the landowner and damages conservation values, conflicts arise. Management agreements are one means of resolving such conflicts but they must be set within a better development, policy, information and management framework. Land acquisition by conservation bodies and tax exemptions are alternative means of achieving the same objectives. Few management agreements have yet been negotiated but the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 gives them a central place in resolving such conflicts in the future. Devising equitable methods of financial compensation will be the key to the success of management agreements in resolving land use conflicts.

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00740.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The author considers the question ‘What is a marketing improvement and how can it be recognised?’ and finds it a more difficult question to answer than it might first appear. Yet government is constantly urging ‘improvement’ on the industry. Rejecting the notion that government is somehow better placed than people in the market to decide what should be the pattern of the future, the author suggests that a proper role for government is to create the context within which the natural, self‐adjusting mechanisms of the market economy can function properly, and explores the implications of such a role. He also argues a case for reconsidering the structure and role of the bodies which represent sectoral

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00741.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Agricultural price policy has a major impact on the input markets as well as the output markets and a model is developed to analyse the effects of changes in support levels on U.K. agricultural employment, earnings, investment and land prices. This paper describes the specification, estimation and evaluation of the model and simulates the effects of a one per cent increase in support prices. The main conclusions are that net investment would increase in the years following the rise by a maximum in the second year of £12m and by a cumulative total of £44m (representing an increase of about 0.4 per cent in the capital stock). Employment on the other hand, while rising at first, would subsequently fall to almost one per cent below its original level, and earnings of hired labour also fall slightly. Net farm income increases by around 10 per cent and this is capitalised into a similar increase in land value

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00742.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty. Edited by RobertChambers, RichardLonghurstand ArnoldPacey.The Effects of Tax Policy on American Agriculture. By CharlesDport, MichaelBoehljeand DavidMartin.European Farming in Australia: An Economic History of Australian Farming. By BruceR. Davidson.Australian Agriculture: Reconciling Change and Tradition. By KeithO. Campbell.India's Export Performance. By K. S. Dhindsa.Marxism and the Agrarian Question: volume 1, German Social Democracy and the Peasantry 1890–1907; volume 2, Russian Marxism and the Peasantry 1861–1930. By AtharHussainand KeithTribeFrom Peasant to Proletarian: Capitalist Development and Agrarian Transitions. By DavidGoodmanand MichaelRedclift.National Parks. Conservation or Cosmetics?By Ann andMalcolmMacEwen.The Economy of Rural Communities in the National Parks of England and Wales. By Tourism andRecreationResearchUnit.Agriculture and the European Community.By JohnS. Marshand PamelaJ. Swanney.The Common Agricultural Policy: Prospects for Change.By JoanPearce.Options for Farm Policy in the European Community.By T. E. Josling, MarkLangworthyand ScottPearson.The Theory of Commodity Price Stabilisation: A Study in the Economics of Risk. By DavidNewberyand JosephStiglitzFood Policy.Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development,Food and Agricultural Policy for the 1980s.Edited by D. GaleJohnson.Small Farmers' Development Programme.By S. M. Pandeyand J. S. Sodhi.Rice in West Africa: Policy and Economics.By S. R. Pearson, J. D. Strykerand C. P. Humphreys.Grain Export Cartels.By AndrewSchmitz, AlexF. McCalla, DonaldO. Mitchelland ColinA. Carter.Science and Technology Policy: Priorities of Governments.By C. A. Tisdell.Co‐operatives and Development. Agricultural Politics in Ghana and Uganda.By CrawfordYoung, NealShermanand

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1982.tb00744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY