摘要:

The political strength in the EC and UK of the belief that high levels of self‐sufficiency make food supplies more secure is demonstrated and explained. The relationship is examined analytically and critically, taking particular account of the priority of food, adjustment costs, and linkages between agriculture and other sectors. The need for a policy of food security in Western Europe is discussed in relation to military, crop and trade uncertainties. Finally, the elements of a more rational policy, including measures of storage, procurement and production independence, are outline

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00229.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Principal objections to two‐tier pricing have centred on administrative complexities and the ‘transparent’ nature of its cost. However, the credibility of two‐tier pricing for milk within the European Community is now enhanced by the existence of a quota scheme and by recent levels of budgetary expenditure. Potential features of two‐tier pricing are that farm support can be more readily directed at selected recipients and that lowering of market prices for milk relieves consumers from some of the burden of this support. A major attraction is that the existing quota system allows for an immediate ready‐made transition. In this paper, two applications are developed. Both allow varying combinations of quota level and support price, but differ in their impact on producers' incomes. Some degree of national flexibility within the Community is al

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00230.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes an economic evaluation of planting under the Farm Woodland Scheme in Scotland based on the calculation of the Scheme's net UK Exchequer cost (NEC) and its relationship to the benefits observed through a survey of first‐year Scheme entrants. It was found that the motivation in planting was primarily for ‘environmental’ benefits such as landscape, amenity, wildlife and sport. Income and timber production were much less important. On average, payments under the Scheme under‐compensated farmers for their direct and opportunity costs associated with planting. When based on agricultural savings in the year of planting, the annual NEC was #58 per ha, but this cost increases substantially if the additionality principle is applied. Anticipated benefits in terms of farm output reduction, income diversification, employment and timber production are identified but the effects are not large. Environmental benefits were not included in the evaluation and these may provide greater justification for the expe

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00231.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the strategic motivation for food manufacturing firms to license their branded products to overseas firms. Using non‐cooperative game theory, product licensing is modelled in the context of a simple market‐entry game where licensing enters explicitly as a strategy that can be utilised by both a potential licensor and licensee. On the basis of this framework, possible licensing outcomes are derived that describe different motivations for food product licens

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00232.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Indices of total factor productivity (TFP) measure aggregate output per unit of aggregate input, providing a guide to the efficiency of agricultural production. This paper outlines the relationship between production functions and TFP indices. An index for the period 1967‐90, constructed from the UK aggregate agricultural accounts, shows that TFP grew at an average rate of 1.9% per annum and that TFP growth has increased since the UK joined the European Community. At the aggregate level, this change seems to be explained by increased aggregate output and decreased aggregate input, in about equal proportions. Disaggregation shows the intensification effect of the CAP price regime. There has been rapid growth in the output of farm crops, relative to other enterprises, and in the use of agricultural chemical

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00233.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper applies MOTAD and CRP models to the farm set‐aside decision and presents a framework for analysis which examines the influence of risk on the land‐idling decision. The results suggest that set‐aside payment at a rate of £180‐£200 per hectare would be attractive only at relatively high levels of risk aversion on an East Anglian specialist cereal farm and with moderate risk aversion on a Northumberland mixed farm. However, at identical levels of risk aversion, the area set aside was greater on the East Anglian farm. A survey to ascertain farmers' risk: income weightings is suggested as a useful adjunct to

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00234.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After a literature review, a planning and project evaluation model is developed that includes both risk and profit considerations but avoids some weaknesses of other mean‐variance models. Agricultural extension and project evaluation results of an application of this model are compared to those of the common profit‐maximisation model. The two sets of results differ on the worth of intercropping, the relative merits of raising small ruminants and cattle, the likelihood of success of a major livestock development programme (which would benefit only wealthier farmers), the benefits of introducing labour‐saving technologies, and the value of teaching/demonstration components in the projects being eval

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00235.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A political‐economy framework is used to explore the differences which have been observed in the pace of agricultural policy reform in the European Community and in Australia. In this framework, policy‐making is endogenous in comparison with its exogenous position in applied welfare economics. It is shown that the institutional aspects of the policy process, the power of the farming lobby, and the economic philosophy of governments are important determinants of the extent of income re‐distribution and of moves towards the use of more efficient instruments of income redistribution. It is argued that the degree to which politicians are captured by the farming lobby, and the extent to which they support transparency in policy‐making, determine whether fundamental reforms are feasible. From this analysis, it is concluded that the pace of reform of the Common Agricultural Policy will continue to lag behind that in Au

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00236.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The implications for the world grains market of a reduction in China's domestic absorption, and of the removal of its key manufacturing protection, are analysed in this paper. These policy changes are modelled both alone and together with grain self‐sufficiency in China and with reduction in farm support in the US and EC. In themselves, the reduction in absorption and removal of manufacturing protection in China would have only marginal effects on the world grains market. If, however, China were to achieve grain self‐sufficiency while adopting these macroeconomic and trade policies, world grain prices and trade would fall considerably. In contrast, even a partial removal of protection in the US and EC, simultaneously with the above Chinese macroeconomic and trade policy changes, could substantially increase world grain prices and trade. These positive effects would be considerably reduced if at the same time China were to become self‐sufficient in

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00237.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY