摘要:

The paper considers the policy background to differentiated milk pricing by the Board. It discusses the institutional and legal constraints which affect the determination of milk prices. The difference in structure between the milk industry in the United Kingdom and the rest of the Community is discussed and the possible effects of this on the operation of the common organisation of the milk market are examined and discussed.

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper reviews the events leading up to the 1985 Food Security Act. Attention is also drawn to four other legislative initiatives having a direct bearing on the farm sector. These are: deficit reduction; tax reform; trade protectionism; and agricultural credit. The case against mandatory supply controls is reviewed and reasons are given for believing the 1985 bill will put U.S. agriculture back on the road to prosperity.

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Portuguese policy‐makers assumed an active interest in agricultural sector development after the 1974 Revolution. However, the policy instruments used‐output price supports, input subsidies, land market regulations, and agricultural credit programmes‐have done little to facilitate technical or structural change in much of the sector. This pattern of development may have adverse medium‐term impacts on agriculture, because for most commodities, accession to the CAP will substantially reduce farm profitability. If Portugal is to avoid sharp declines in income for a sector that is already relatively low in income terms, reform of factor market policies and investment in research and development are es

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The prevention of food loss in the farm‐level post‐harvest system has become an objective of food policy in many developing countries. This objective is founded on the allegations that food losses are high, that technology is available to prevent or reduce these losses and that, as a consequence, hungry people will be less hungry. This paper first reviews the development of this policy objective. It then goes on to argue that this formulation of post‐harvest policy is inaccurate and frequently misleading. Evidence on the levels of food loss under traditional practices, and on the costs and benefits of technical change, show that at farm level cost reduction is the chief influence on technological choice; from a social perspective, employment and hence income distribution considerations are often the decisive factor in evaluating new techn

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The principal methods of valuing ‘non‐market’ goods are presented and reviewed in terms of their basis in economic theory and their advantages and disadvantages in measuring the value of the rural environment. As a general rule, when assumptions are fewer, data requirements are greater but there may also be policy problems for which any one method is inappropriate. In particular, since countryside amenities may offer important intrinsic or non‐use values, the contingent valuation technique, despite its weaknesses, may be pr

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper evaluates the economic worth of forestry projects in the United Kingdom by using two different public sector investment appraisal criteria; the traditional discounted cash flows and the recently‐established sum of discounted consumption flows. In the latter, in view of the intergenerational distribution aspect of government projects, the conventional rules are modified, enabling the decision‐maker to treat all generations, present and future, in an equitable manner. Forestry is an excellent example to highlight the issue that many public sector investment projects re‐distribute income between generations. Its long gestation periods make it obvious that there is more than one generation involved in the venture. In this analysis a one hectare plantation of Sitka spruce, class 20, is considered for a single 50‐year rotation. Three different interest rates, 10 per cent test rate of discount, 5 per cent required rate of return, and 3 per cent forestry target rate are used under 4 different assumptions regarding the future price of

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The rationale for anti‐inflationary policies (at least in the UK) arises from a theory that higher rates of inflation lead to a greater variability in the dispersion of prices and market distortions. This is because economic agents do not fully anticipate what future rates of inflation will be. Little or no empirical work has been directed to the agricultual sector for this model. The economic implications of the prices of some varieties of beef steaks are considered by testing the model for UK data over the period 1968 to 1984. The effects of real earnings and the Common Agricultural Policy are also considere

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An econometric model is used to measure the impact of the Three‐Party Programme on European demand for U.S. orange juice. The results show that the programme has helped expand the demand for orange juice in European countries and, from the viewpoint of the U.S. citrus industry, is an economically preferred way of generating additional exports compared with using price reductions to achieve additional sale

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several studies on the process of diffusion of agricultural innovations have recently emerged in the literature. They serve as an important link between studies on the establishment of innovations and those in their impact on the economy. However, previous standard diffusion models used in the analysis of diffusion of agricultural innovations assume that the population of potential adopters is identical and that they are all imitators. This assumption may not be realistic in all cases. Hence, it is argued, in this study, that the population of potential adopters is not identical but consists of both innovators and imitators, and a model incorporating the two categories of potential adopters is employed. This model is also assessed against the standard diffusion model to test its superiority. Although the data on the diffusion of cocoa‐spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers fit the model well, the result of its statistical evaluation shows little or no improvement over the standard model. This may, however, be due to the nature and composition of the data employed and the need for further refinement of the mode

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper focuses on the measurement of malnutrition in the Third World. Given the lack of adequate data on malnutrition, its quantification involves the use of fairly roundabout methods. This paper reviews two World Bank studies, which link calorie consumption to income using a semi‐log functional form. The first employs arbitrarily imposed equation parameters to arrive at estimates of malnutrition. We calculate alternative nutritional scenarios to illustrate the sensitivity of their results to the arbitrarily imposed parameters. For the second study, which has been empirically estimated, we calculate forecast confidence intervals to evaluate the estimated equations' forecasting performance. Our results indicate that the first study is highly sensitive to the arbitrarily imposed parameters, while the second is not very reliable in forecasting malnutrition. The importance of further work on the subject is therefore stresse

ISSN:0021-857X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb01608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY