摘要:

AbstractInvestigation of verbal learning by repeated attempts to recall all of the items in a list (in any order), without any further presentation of items that have been recalled once, allows spontaneous retrieval to demonstrate previous storage (on or before the last presentation of an item) and subsequent retention (despite any recall failures), in addition to showing the spontaneous increase of recall without further presentation. Spontaneous retrieval from long‐term storage does not improve prior to the abrupt onset of perfectly consistent retrieval, indicating that random and consistent retrieval represent different stages of (item and list) learning and that recall increases during verbal learning because more items reach the stage of consistent retrieval (list learning). This amplifies the analysis of verbal learning in terms of storage for random retrieval (item learning), random retrieval, initial storage for consistent retrieval (initial list learning), and additional list learning (as consistent retrieval replaces random retrieval

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAt the age of 16, Einstein hit on a paradox that contained the germ of the theory of relativity. He argued that an observer moving so as to keep abreast of a light wave should see it as at rest, but that there seems to be no such electromagnetic field. The paradox is usually resolved by saying that, according to the special theory of relativity, no observer can move fast enough to keep up with light. However, the situation is more subtle. One can easily show that the paradox arises essentially from applying a Galilean transformation to the light waves but a relativistic one to the Maxwell equations. But a close examination of the transformational situation reveals surprising aspects that seem not to have been pointed out before and that transfer the locale of the paradox from logic to intuition.

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInsulin accelerates the entry of glucose and amino acids into muscle cells by acting upon the carrier‐facilitated transport mechanism. For glucose, this process is passive and leads to equilibration of intracellular and extracellular concentrations. In heart muscle, glucose transport is a rate‐limiting step for glucose uptake. During hypoxia and ischemia the heart turns to anaerobic glycolysis for energy production, and therefore maximal glucose transport becomes important. Insulin is necessary to insure proper protein synthesis, probably acting at the level of membrane‐bound polyribosomes. However, during myocardial hypoxia, insulin alone cannot restore the associated depression in protein synthesis.Although insulin effects net and rapid potassium uptake by the heart cell and hyperpolarizes the cell, the change in the ratio of intracellular to extracellular activities of potassium is not the primary action of insulin. Rather, an insulin‐induced configurational change in the plasma membrane could simultaneously account for the effects of insulin on sodium and potassium permeability and the action on facilitated transport. Intracellular levels of adenyl cyclate are reduced by insulin in extracardiac tissues perhaps through inhibition of adenyl cyclase or stimulation of phosphodiesterase, but convincing evidence that this occurs in the heart is lacking.Insulin secretion is depressed in patients with heart disease in proportion to the reduction in cardiac index sustained. Since the ischemic heart is dependent upon glucose as the major fuel, insulin lack may deprive the heart of adequate substrate availability under these conditions. The multivalent actions of insulin on the heart cell are especially important in view of the resurgence of interest in glucose‐insulin‐potassium therapy for the treatment of clinical he

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCitrate synthases from an osmoregulator and 2 osmoconforming animals were purified and studied with respect to interaction with salt levels. Catalytic activity of the shrimp (osmoregulator) citrate synthase was markedly affected by buffer concentrations, and its apparent Kmwith respect to acetyl coenzyme A was increased almost 60‐fold by increased concentration of salt. The osmoconformer citrate synthases showed slight effects of concentration of salt: the apparent Kmof the sea anemone citrate synthase was increased fractionally by salt and about 6‐fold for citrate synthase of the oyster.Citrate synthase from the osmoregulator shrimp had the conventional hyperbolic kinetics of saturation by acetyl coenzyme A in the presence of moderate concentrations of any salt, but the sea anemone and oyster citrate synthases had sigmoid kinetics in the same saline environment. The oyster was shown to regulate the levels of magnesium, potassium, and chloride in its tissues.The ecoadaptive significance of these findings is discussed and the generally standing concern of investigators is supported that biologically and physiologically realistic interpretations of enzyme regulation by ionic strength and any other factors can be derived only from studies of enzyme activitiesin s

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01609.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHarmonic analysis provides a unique method of obtaining an objective and simultaneous evaluation of the temporal and areal distribution of precipitation and is applied to precipitation from a network of stations in New Jersey and bordering states. Results show that the first harmonic describing the tendency toward a single annual maximum and minimum of precipitation is most significant in the interior and northwestern sections of New Jersey and diminishes in significance toward the coast. An isochronal plot of phase angle of the first harmonic shows that annual precipitation peaks in July in the interior of the state, while toward the coast a late summer maximum is evident, reaching into September in the Atlantic City area.

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01610.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01611.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA chemical system beyond a nonequilibrum unstable transition is known to exhibit a limit‐cycle type of oscillation. The shape and period of this cycle are analyzed in the asymptotic limit when there is a large separation between the time scales characterizing the various chemical step

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01613.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01614.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0028-7113    

DOI:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1974.tb01615.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY