摘要:

Explaining the diversity of immune reactions requires comparative immunology that takes a phylogenetic view; there is interest in uncovering the underlying mechanisms throughout the animal kingdom. Because of the complexities and diversities of individual phyla, comparative immunology can compare and therefore reveal and elucidate immune mechanisms between and within major groups. There exist two categories of immune responses; 1) nonspecific, innate, natural, non‐adaptive, and non‐anticipatory; 2) induced, adaptive, specific, anticipatory responses. Non‐specific mechanisms include the ubiquitous phagocytosis and encapsulation. In invertebrates, several leukocyte types possess membrane associated markers (e.g. β2m, Thy‐2, Lyt‐, Lyt‐2/3). Transplantation immunity, has revealed various degrees of specificity in sponges, coelenterates, annelids, insects, echinoderms and tunicates. Cytotoxicity is a crucial immunodefense function. Humoral immunity includes naturally occurring and inducible agglutinins, lysozymes, lysins, non‐lysozyme bactericidins, and lysosomal enzymes. Humoral immunity in insects (e.g. cecropins and defen‐sins) that lack specificity and memory, functions efficiently against microbial pathogens. Cytokine‐like molecules, of invertebrates, may regulate host defense responses by an acceptable network similar to that of vertebrates. Communication and recognition molecules are universal since protozoans possess a pheromone (Er‐1) that is related to IL‐2, IL‐1 and TNF‐like activities are found in annelids, mollusks, echinoderms and tunicates. In the future molecular biology must be used extensively to dissect immunodefense more fully, a more modern approach in understanding one component of an organism's totality.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356149

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The immunosuppressive effects of pollutants from industry (effluents, heavy metals) and agriculture (pesticides) on freshwater fish, as a sentinel model for the aquatic environment, are presented in this paper. An impairment of humoral, cellular and/or non‐specific immunity compromises the defence mechanisms against pathogens. For ten years, we studied the effects on rainbow trout and carp of pesticides such as organochlorine (lindane) and organophosphorous (trichlorfon, dichlorvos) insecticides, and a triazine herbicide (atrazine); heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Hg) were also analysed for theirin vitroeffects. More recently, pulp mill effluents were studied on rainbow trout immunity. Most of those aquatic pollutants were shown to be partial or total immunosuppressors of the major functions ofsomefreshwater fish immune system.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356150

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Mussel hemolymph possessed naturally occurring cytotoxic activity. Vertebrate erythrocytes, mouse tumor cell line and parasiteBonamiawere killed, but not bacteria. Two step chromatography revealed a complex multimeric protein of 320 kDa, acting through a polymerization process on the target cell membrane. Of naive animals from the two oyster speciesCrassostrea gigasandOstrea eclulis, a low proportion of plasmas and hemocyte lysates presented naturally occurring antibacterial activity. Induction assays by injection of saline solution or bacterial suspensions resulted in increased activity in virtually all oysters. Identification of active polypeptides included acidic solubility followed by reverse phase chroma‐tographies. Oyster hemocytes responded to heat‐shock by the synthesis of particular proteins. Treated in the same way, the protozoan parasitePerkinsus marinusalso synthesised long‐lasting 70 to 30 kDa proteins which are different from the oyster ones. The question arises of the biological significance of heat‐shock proteins in coelomate invertebrates with regard to stress and immune response.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356151

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Available data from our and other laboratories on the presence and biological functions of cytokine‐ and growth factor‐like molecules in invertebrates are reviewed. It appears that IL‐1α‐, IL‐1ß‐, IL‐2‐, IL‐6‐, TNF‐α‐like molecules and haemokinin are present in several cell types from molluscs, insects, annelids, echinodems and tunicates. In most cases, these molecules are present in cells with phagocytic activity and they modulate cell motility. PDGF‐, TGF‐ß‐, EGF‐ and NGF‐like molecules, growth promoting factors and the hemolymph trophic factor are present in several cell types from molluscs, insects and annelids. These molecules are probably involved in the control of cell proliferation. Both cytokines and growth factors appear to be highly ancestral and biologically very important molecules, as evident from their continuous presence from invertebrates to vertebrates. It also appears that cytokines are functionally conserved molecules, which during evolution have also maintained their pleiotropicity, redundancy in mode of action and the promiscuity of their receptors.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356152

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The anti‐hemocyte monoclonal antibody BrH1 was obtained by immunizing mice with 2% paraformaldehyde‐fixed cells from the stick insectBacillus rossius. The antibody recognized in western blot analysis a 180 Da antigen in hemocyte lysates, but not in fat body lysates and cell‐free haemolymph. Indirect immunofluorescen‐ce analysis revealed that a low percentage of cultured hemocytes were positive for surface membrane antigen(s). The indirect immu‐nofluorescence staining pattern revealed that BrH1 is a monoclonal antibody mainly recognizing hemocytes containing granular material.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356153

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The monoclonal antibody DLT15 directed against thymocytes of the sea bassDicentrarchus labraxspecifically recognised an antigen determinant(s) expressed during development of thymic lymphoid cells. While immunoreaction is excluded from lymphoblast‐like cells present in the thymic anlage, it was first detected one month post‐haching in thymocytes. Thereafter, a marked increase in number of immunoreactive cells occurred mostly in the outer region of the thymus. This study aimed to analyse the chronology and some features of thymocyte differentiation.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356154

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Organ distribution of leucocyte subpopulations was examined in carp(Cyprinus carpio)development by flow cytometric analysis using monoclonal antibodies raised against: carp immunoglobulins, early thymocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes/macrophages. In thymus, a high percentage of early thymocytes was found. In head kidney, Ig‐bearing cells first appeared more numerous than in other organs. In spleen only early thymocytes and thrombocytes are relevant. In gut, early thymocytes are detected in the first week, but they significantly decrease during ontogeny. The percentage of Ig‐bearing cells remains low throughout development. In peripheral blood leucocytes of 1‐week‐old carp, early T cells are the only detectable leucocyte subpopulation. From 7 days onwards, the percentage of monocyte/macrophages increased; thereafter, thrombocytes and B cells became detectable. This study provides new indications on the major sites of lymphopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in carp.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356155

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The role of lectins in the cellular immune response in crustaceans is comparatively reviewed and, in particular, the role of proPO‐system in immunological mechanisms is discussed.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356156

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The activation sequence and related factors of the prophenoloxidase activating system in crustaceans was compared with the equivalent system in tunicates. Both solitary and colonial ascidians present in their hemolymph a copper‐dependent phenoloxidase activity that may be inhibited by tropolone and phenylthiourea. Carbohydrates are able, to various extents, to trigger proPO system which requires serine protease cleavage for activation to phenoloxidase (PO). In some ascidians, hemocytes called ≪morula cells≫ show PO activity, while inCiona intestinalisthe ≪univacuolar refractile granulocytes≫ are positive after cytochemical staining with L‐dopa. The relationships between proPO system and defence reactions (opsonic, cytotoxic) of ascidians are discussed.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356157

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We examined some biological activities of a 200‐kDa glyco‐protein, referred to asParacentrotus lividusvitellogenin, contained both in the coelomic fluid and in a subpopulation of coelomocytes called ≪colourless spherula cells≫. Cell‐free coelomic fluid, coelomocyte lysate and supernatant obtained after coelomocyte washings were assayed for hemagglutinating activity. All samples agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes in a calcium‐dependent way. The comparison between the electrophoretic patterns of erythrocyte lysates, before and after incubation with the coelomic fluid, revealed that a 200‐kDa band was obtained from membranes of agglutinated erythrocytes. In addition, polyclonal antibodies against 200‐kDa gly‐coprotein from sea urchin embryos used in Western blot analysis recognized the 200‐kDa glycoprotein only when erythrocyte lysates previously incubated with coelomic fluids were assayed. These results suggest that the 200‐kDa glycoprotein could be an agglutinin, present in the coelomic fluid and released by coelomocytes during stress conditions.

ISSN:1125-0003    

DOI:10.1080/11250009609356158

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor