ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15199.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15201.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.From the old medical literature we may conclude that the so‐called crusta sanguinis or buffy coat was produced principally through agglutination of the red corpuscles, giving cause to increased sinking velocity of the same. In other words‐the buffy coat indicated a reduced suspension‐stability of the blood.The observation of tlae buffy coat ‐ to day forgotten ‐ was the basis of the humoral pathology from the time of Hippocrates to the middle of the last century. The substance of the buffy coat was considered as the materia morbi. It corresponded for instance to the patliotogically most important of the four fluids of antiquity ‐ the phlegm.This phenomenon has played a n incomparable part in the healing art of folder times and was for instance theoretically the most important fact, on which the blood‐letting therap

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15203.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Attention is called to the fact that the sinking velocity of the red corpuscles in human blood is of a very different order in different cases. To characterize this property of the blood it is proposed to use the term suspension‐stability. Slow sinking velocity is equivalent with a high degree of stability and vice versa.With a further described method the so‐called stability‐reaction has been carried out in about 400 case of different physiological and pathological conditions. The result of these investigations is as follows.The suspension‐stability of the blood is higher in new‐born than in adults. (Average of sinking values in new‐born ½ mm. per hour.)Between healthy men (average 3.3 mm. per hour) and healthy non‐pregnant women (average 7.4 per hour) is a difference to be found, inasmuch as the first named show as a rule a higher degree of stability.During the pregnancy of the woman the suspension‐stability of the blood is almost without exeption very much reduced (average for parturient pregnant women 44.9 per hour). As fig. 3 shows the sinking values are increased already in the 2. month of pregnancy and remain higher than normal at least in the 2. month of the puerperium.The suspension‐stability of the blood is reduced in almost all investigated cases of different diseases. This blood change is considered to be one of the most usually occurring general symptoms existing.With a certain degree of probability all sinking values higher than 9 mm. per hour for men and 12 mnt. per hour for non‐pregnant women are cou

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The increased sinking velocity of the red corpuscles, which by means of the stability‐reaction has been shown to exist during pregnancy and many diseases, is dependent on 1) increased agglutination of the corpuscles or on 2) decreased number of the same.Stokes' Law regarding the motion of particles through fluid medium may be applied to get an approximate idea of the size of the corpuscle aggregates in different cases. viz. of the degree of agglutination.The agglutination here in question is identical with the rouleaux formation of the red corpuscles and the increased agglutination is only an exaggeration of this normally existing phenomenon.The degree of agglutination is chiefly dependent upon the properties of the plasma.Solutions of the different protein fractions of the plasma differ very much in agglutinating capacity. Whilst serum albumin aggregates the corpuscles only to a very little extent, strong agglutination is produced by the globulins. Of these fibrinogen is considerably more active than serum globulin. The strongly agglutinating effect of fibrinogen is also proved by the fact that the agglutination is to a high degree reduced by defibrination of the blood.That the agglutinating capacity really is a property of the great protein fractions themselves is strongly supported by the fact that other emulsoids as, for instance, gelatin, also produce rouleaux formation. There are reasons to suppose that different degrees of agglutinating capacity depend upon the colloidal state of these substances; there is a parallelism between the agglutinating capacity of the mentioned protein fractions and their precipitation by neutral salts inasmuch as the easiest precipitated ones act most agglutinating; furthermore, there seems to exist a connection between the last named property and the degree of viscosity. Besides attention is called to the fact, that heating of serum or plasma at higher temperatures (48°—60°, see summary, chapter VIII) increases their agglutinating capacity. This circumstance speaks strongly in disfavour of another possible explanation, namely, that the normal rouleaux formation or the exaggeration of this phenomenon should depend on the existence or the appearance of an agglutinin, resembling the specific serological ones.During those conditions, in which the agglutination is increased either the serum globulin or the fibrinogen or both these substances are increased in amount. Besides it has been shown that the plasma of the rapidly settling blood distinguishes itself thereby that the first trace of protein precipitation is produced by addition of less neutral salt that that demanded for plasma of normal blood.All these changes of the plasma seem to a certain degree to be coincident and may be regarded as expressions for an alteration of the colloidal state of the plasma, for which I use the term globulin increase.Chiefly on account of the mentioned facts the conclusions is drawn that the globulin increase is the most important cause to the increased rouleaux formation and to the increased sinking velocity of the red corpuscles, viz. to the reduction of the suspension‐stability of the blood.(A method is described by means of which different protein fractions may be quantitatively determined in minute amounts of

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15205.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The reduced suspension‐stability of the blood, i. e. the increased agglutination of the red corpuscles, can be demonstrated in the living organism in following ways:1) in the flowing blood of the capillaries direstly.2) in the skin veins and 3) in the retinal vessels through breaking off the blood flow.The reduced suspension‐stability of the blood is presumed to have a styptic effect and play an important part in the genesis of thrombi — as well concerning the red parts of the mixed great thrombi in the larger vessels as with regard to certain kind of hyaline thrombi of the capillaries, which according to the statements of the literature are composed of fused red corpuacles and which especially characterize the changes of the bodily organs in eclampsia.The suspension‐stability of the blood can be reduced through injection of gelatin solution and increased by injection of physiological or better hypertonic Na

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The most common and important fact leading to the origin of fibrin‐coagula in the corpse is the reduced suspension‐stability of the blood, i. e. the increased agglutination of the red corpuscles. As to the causes of this blood change see summaries, chapter IV an

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The suspension‐stability of the blood (i. e. agglutination and sinking speed of the red corpuscles) is changed when the blood or one of its chief constituents are kept for some hours at different temperatures.The agglutinating power of serum and plasma is reduced by heat treatment at temperatures between about 30° and 48°. This effect, which is strongest at a temperature of 42°, does not occur if the serum tests are shaken during the heat treatment.Higher temperatures than 48° increase the agglutinating power of serum and plasma.The agglutinability of the red corpuscles is reduced by heat treatment at temperatures between about 36° and 46°. The maximum of this effect is produced by the last mentioned temperature. 48° and higher temperatures give hemolysis. The reduction of the agglutinability of the corpuscles by the above‐mentioned temperatures is not prevented by shaking.If defibrinated blood or citrate blood in its entirety is treated by heat at different temperatures and shaken during the treatment, the agglutination of the red corpuscles becomes considerably reduced at temperatures higher th

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1921.tb15208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1921

数据来源: WILEY