摘要:

AbstractA comparison has been made of the effects of three different combined oral contraceptives (Ovulen, Anovlar, and Volidan) on the plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and total and individual phospholipids. The results indicate a difference in action between Anovlar on the one hand and of Ovulen and Volidan on the other.In three oophorectomized women the effects of one of the estrogenic and two of the progestogenic components of the combined preparations were studied separately. The drugs were given singly or in combinations and it was found that the two progestogens produced different effects as judged from the parameters studied. Norethisterone acetate influenced the plasma lipids in a direction opposite to that induced by the estrogen.These findings suggest that the overall effects on the plasma lipids induced by the various combined oral contraceptives reflect the competitional effects of the estrogenic and progestogenic components.

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCounting of blood cells in urine is most accurately performed by means of a haemocytometer. The errors of the method are related to technique, observer inaccuracy and uneven distribution of cells in the haemocytometer.Leucocytes and non‐squamous epithelial cells in urine, when present in small numbers, have been shown to be distributed in the haemocytometer approximately according to a Poisson distribution. When leucocytes are present in large numbers “mucus” and clumping of cells may interfere with the random distribution.In quantitative estimation of cells in urine the common practice is to count the cells on a certain number of squares and to express the results as the number of cells per unit volume of urine (mm3, ml), or by the excretion rate (number of cells excreted per minute, hour, 12 or 24 hours). The standard error of this estimate, expressed by the confidence interval, must be based on the number of cells counted, and not on this number multiplied by a factor.It is assumed that the simplest and most convenient method of quantitative estimation of cells in urine is to count the cells in 1 mm3of uncentrifuged urine. When the number of cells per unit volume is low, the confidence limits for the true number of cells per volume urine in a Poisson distribution may be obtained from statistical tables. When the number of cells is larger than about 40 per mm3, an estimate of the standard error of the count of a single sample cannot be obtained, since the distribution may not be random. In routine work information of sufficient accuracy may be achieved by examination of a convenient volume containing 50–100 cells, the number of cells per mm3being calculated on the basis of thi

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhole body hematocrit/large vessel hematocrit (WBH/LVH ratio) has been examined in 21 normotensive and 35 hypertensive subjects and found to be the same, presumably as an expression of a uniform distribution of the blood volume in the two groups. Moderate renal impairment, the degree of the retinopathy, or the height of the diastolic blood pressure do not seem to influence the ratio figures.The WBH/LVH ratio was examined during treatment with various hypotensive drugs. A significant increase in the ratio was demonstrated during the influence of a single effective intravenous dose of pentolinium. Similar results were obtained during short‐term treatment with guanethidine alone and during long‐term treatment with guanethidine and hydrochlorothiazide.Treatment with hydrochlorothiazide alone caused an increase in ratio after one week and after three months, but these increases were not significant.The possible causes of these alterations in the WBH/LVH ratio are discussed. The advantage of employing a double isotope technique in preference to a quicker single isotope technique has been analyzed in relation to the determination of the total blood volume in patients during treatment with hypotensive dr

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSera from 84 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were investigated for Ig, Ig‐G, Ig‐A, Ig‐M ANF reactive with nuclei of polymorphonuclear granulocytes, using a two‐ and three‐layer immunofluorescent antibody technique.Granulocyte‐reactive ANF were found in 2/3 of the sera. Of the 56 positive sera, 60% contained Ig‐G ANF, 62% Ig‐A and 67% Ig‐M ANF. Sera containing granulocyte‐reactive ANF exclusively of high molecular weight (Ig‐A and Ig‐M) constitute 39% of the positive sera.Granulocyte‐reactive ANF were found significantly more frequently in sera from patients 61 years old or older, owing to an increase of Ig‐G ANF. No sex difference was demonstrated. There was no statistically significant relationship between gran.‐react. ANF of the three human immunoglobulin classes and such clinical parameters as ESR, functional capacity or concentration of haemoglobin.A strict correlation between granulocyte‐reactive ANF and the presence of nodules was found, all patients with nodules showing a positive ANF reaction.Half the 56 positive sera reacted exclusively with nuclei of polymorphonuclear granulocytes, while the other half also reacted with other human nuclei. With advancing disease increasing non‐specificity of ANF occurred and a significantly higher proportion of sera from patients with long‐lasting disease also contained ANF reactive with other human nuclei. This increase in nuclear reactivity was accompanied by a change in the immunoglobulin pattern of granulocyte‐reactive ANF, the Ig‐G ANF being found significantly more frequently in sera from patients with disease of short duration, while Ig‐G ANF were present in a significantly higher proportion of sera fro

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper describes an intravenous galactose tolerance test performed by a single injection of 350 mg of galactose per kg body weight. Galactose in the blood was determined by a specific galactose oxidase method.The disappearance of the galactose from the blood mainly occurs by hepatic metabolism which is rate‐limited. The course of the elimination curve, however, is also influenced by extrahepatic factors. The curve was found to be most easily described as a straight line in a semilogarithmic system, the T 1/2 value for galactose being found to be 12.0 ± 2.6 min in normal adults. The galactosuria was reasonably small and constant in different clinical conditions and was therefore disregarded.The T 3/2 value was elevated in 84% of cases of liver cirrhosis, and the elevation appeared to be a good measure of the degree of liver damage. Abnormal test results were obtained in 58% of patients with acute infectious hepatitis. Among patients with an abnormal T 1/2 value more than three weeks after the onset of jaundice a long duration of the disease was generally seen, the development of cirrhosis was demonstrated in one isolated case, and one patient died. In patients with cancer metastases of the liver the test result was abnormal in 50%. The T 1/2 value was normal in 93% of cases of biliary obstruction.The galactose test was found to give valuable diagnostic and prognostic information in liver cirrhosis and in hepatitis, and also to be useful in differentiating between obstructive and parenchymatous jaundi

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA report is given of nine cases of adrenocortical hyperfunction; six of these were due to hyperplasia, two to carcinoma, and one to adenoma of the adrenal cortex. The cases were subjected to tests of ACTH stimulation, 11β‐hydroxylase inhibition with metopirone, and suppression with dexamethasone. In urine collections obtained before the tests, the following corticosteroid metabolites were determined: tetrahydro S, pregnanediol, pregnanetriol, dehydroepiandrosterone, actiocholanolone, androsterone, aldosterone, oestriol and “free” cortisol. Plasma cortisol values were obtained at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m.The experience gained in this series can be summarized as follows:Plasma cortisol determined at night is a useful screening test in suspected adrenocortical hyperfunction. The “resting” 17 ketosteroid (17‐KS) and 17‐ketogenic steroid (17‐KGS) excretion is too inclusive for this purpose, as slight elevations are seen in obesity and anxiety. The occasional adrenal adenoma may furthermore be missed. Suppression tests performed with dexamethasone and evaluated on the basis of corticosteroid determinations in plasma or urine conclude the screening procedures. The patients who remain suspect of having adrenocortical disease subsequent to the screening procedures should be investigated with as complete a set of procedures as are available. An extensive spectrum is necessary if a firm and differential diagnosis is to be made on the biochemical evidence.The ACTH stimulation has been of value in the differentiation between normal function and the excessive function of adrenal hyperplasia, but not in the distinction between hyperplasia and tumours, as the latter cases also responded with increases in output.Metopirone is very useful in differential diagnosis, particularly if supplemented with tetrahydro S determination. The tumour cases had elevated values of tetrahydro S in the “control” urine samples, and showed no increase in 17‐KS and 17‐KGS during the test.Dexamethasone, 2 mg q.i.d. reduced the urinary 17‐KS and 17‐KGS in the hyperplasia cases, but not in the tumours.The metabolites from the different “levels” of adrenocortical steroid synthesis were elevated at various degrees, and rather irregularly in the carcinoma cases. In the cortisol‐producing adenoma the urinary metabolites of adrenal androgens

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn clinical work the stability of blood cells in urine is a point of practical importance. Provided bacterial contamination can be avoided, erythrocytes and leucocytes are well preserved in acidic urine of a specific gravity higher than 1.008‐1.011 for at least 24 hours. Whether sterile specimens are kept at room temperature, in a refrigerator, or at 37°C seems unimportant.In alkaline urines, the degree of lysis increases with increasing alkalinity and the duration of time of exposure. Leucocytes are especially susceptible to cytolysis in alkaline environments.If bacterial contamination is present, unreliable results are obtained.A comparative study of the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes excreted in overnight specimens and in specimens collected during 2 hours in the morning, estimated per mm3, and expressed as excretion rates, revealed differences which can probably be accounted for mainly by the random variability of haemocytometer coun

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe results are given of a study of three motor components in a selected material of young and elderly diabetics and a control group: 1. the latency time ankle‐extensor dig. brevis muscle by stimulation of the peroneal nerve; 2. electromyographic findings in the extensor dig. brevis muscle; and 3. the maximal amplitude of the extensor dig. brevis muscle and the anterior tibial muscle by stimulation of the peroneal nerve.Signs were found of a rapidly appearing motor neuropathy (most pronounced in the younger age group in which the beginning of the diabetes is well defined) together with a further degeneration with increasing duration of the diabetes. It was impossible to demonstrate any connection with the metabolic control.The development pattern demonstrated corresponds to that shown in a previous study in which the motor conduction velocity was used as parameter for the motor function.Some of the results obtained suggest that the nerves of the younger diabetics have a greater ability to regenerate than those of the older patient

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe vibratory sense measured by biothesiometry was found to be correlated to age and sex in non‐diabetics.In diabetics the vibratory sense was correlated to the duration of the diabetes both on the upper and lower extremities. No difference was found between the sexes.It was possible to demonstrate a reduction of the vibratory sense already within the first year of diabetes in younger patients with a well‐defined onset of the disease. The same fact has been demonstrated previously with regard to the motor conduction velocity.In young diabetics motor and sensory nerve functions diminish in paral

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractClinical examination and analyses of a number of blood constituents including proteins, individual free amino acids, and lipids were performed in a 34‐year‐old athletic male, who first had been on a calorie‐deficient diet for seven months and then on a diet which was extremely low in proteins and lipids for 143 days.The concentrations of the different blood constituents were essentially normal, despite a marked weight reduction and other signs of advanced protein depletion. His physical capacity was obviously reduced, but he recovered very soon after the institution of an ordinary vegetarian diet.The observations indicate that a calorie‐ and protein‐deficient diet which is poor in sodium can be tolerated remarkably well by a healthy individual with extensive protein depots in the form of musc

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb10441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY