ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

RESUMÉ.In the foregoing we have shown that several investigators have succeeded in porducing experimental pneumonia in defferent kinds of animals — including those which are especially susceptible — by inroducing pneumococcus‐cultures inot the air‐passages (trachea). On the basis thereof we have adopted that mode of procdure in order to produce pneu monic infiltration in rabbits.For introduction of the bacteria‐cultures we have sometimes employed puncture of the trachea, sometimes intubation through the larynx. By these methods 52 rabbits have been infected. In the case of 4 of them no illnes developed. In 4 animals there occurred a slight rise of temprature, while at the same time on phkysical examination of the lungs there were detected bronchitic sounds or faint bronchial breathing. These rabbits recovered completely. Three of the animals got simple broncho‐pneumonia, while 2 rabbits displayed broncho‐pneumonic nodes together with however was not very extensive or well‐developed. In 17 of the animals the pneumonia was of considerable extension and fully developed. Furthermore there occured in 5 extension and fully developed. Furthermore there occurred in 5 rabbits an extremely well‐developed and diffused pneumonic infiltratio with a very acute and violent clinical picture. IN 3 of the experiments the illness proceeded mainly as a pneumococcus‐sepsis. On dissection the lungs were found to be hyperaemic, somewhat oedematous, but not infiltrated. In these cases the animals died before the pulmonary infiltration had come to development.In 4 rabbits the result of the infection was entirely divergent from the others. In one case there developed in the course of 2 months a chronic pulmonary infiltration with empyema pleurae, while in another animal there arose no process from the respiratory organs, whereas ther were signs of meningitis and myelitis.In 2 of the animals, into which the cultures had been introduced by puncture of the trachea, ther was found phlegmon in the connective tissue around the windpipe, as well as a retrosternal abscess cavity.With respect to the clinical picture of the pnenmonia the following points may be mentioned.The general conditionof the animal rapidly becomes impaired. The appetite decreases. Under the development of the dissease the general condition becomes to some extent worse, but a pronounced deterioration is a rule not observed until a few hours before death.The body‐temperaturein those animals in which pneumonia develops from 6 to 8 hours after infection rises rapidly up to 40° —41° and remains at that point during the illness with more or less fluctuation. In the animals that recovered the temperature fell again in the course of a couple of days. The rabbits which died of pneumonia showed as a rule amoderate decreasein the course of the last 24 hours or else a very pronouncedcollapse‐temperature.The frequency of respiration is in most cases slower and deeper than is usual in rabbits. There is lively action of the nostrils.The respiratory soundbecomes as a rule in the course of 15–48 hours after infectionpneumonic bronchial. There occurbronchitic sounds, as well as fine and coarsecrepitations.The pulse‐frequencyis not materially increased.Onpathological‐anatomical examinationthe principal discoveries made were as follows.The lungs.The pneumonic process showed all transition stages from simple broncho‐pneumonia to compact lobar infiltration with fibrinous exudation. In the last‐named case the inflammation regularly resembled human pneumonia in the red hepatisation stage. Only in one single case was there observed gray hepatisation with partial transition to abscess.The pneumonic process proceeded as a rule from those parts which lie nearest to the root of th lung. These portions were the first to be infiltrated, and, where the inflammation extended to the whole lobe, the pneumonia was usually here most highly developed.In the most acute infections there were generally foundhemorrhagesin the lung‐tissue, while those parts of the lungs which were not attacked showed distinct vicarious emphysema. In some rabbits that died with the clinical picture of sepsis the infiltration was inconsiderable. The lungs were highly hyperasmic, showed hemorrhages, general emphysema and oedema.The pleura.A thin coating of fibrin on the pleurae viscerales was frequently seen, but pronounced fibrinous pleurisy was found only in two rabbits. In one animal ther was found typical fibrino‐purulent polyserositis.The heart.Theendocardiumand thevalves of the heartwere normal in all the animals dissected. In some of the hearts examined themuscles were flaccid and the heart delated, especially the right half. This phenomenon was rarely found in the rabbits in which the pneumonia might be bescribed as mild, whereas it was present inhalfthe number of animals that had diffused and well‐developed pneumonia and in all the rabbits with the most violent and acute infections.Pericarditis was found only in th above‐mentioned case where there was polyserositis, as well as in a rabbit which showed gray hepatisation together with abscess‐formation.The liver, spleen and kidneysappeared on macroscopic examination to be normal in most of the experiments. In some of the most violent infections the liver was degenerated.The spleen was foundonly in a single case decidedly swollen and soft, whilst ther was also i

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

RESUMÉ.Determination of the heart's minute‐volume and stroke‐volume has been carried out in the case of 11 normal rabbits, 8 of which were white and 3 coloured. We have thereby arrived at the following result with respect to the output of blood from the heart and as to the factors to be taken into account in the calculation thereof.Theoxygen‐content in blood form the left side of the heartwas on the mean 0.147 cc. and formthe right side 0.085cc. per cc. of blood. No material difference in the mean values for the white and for the coloured rabbits has been observed.The difference in oxygen‐contentin 1 cc. of blood from the left and from the right heart was in the mean 0.0b62 cc. per cc. of blood.The respiratory consumption of oxygenper minute and per kg. of body weight was in thewhiterabbits in the mean 6.65 cc., in thecolouredanimals somewhkat higher: 10 cc. The mean value for all experiments was 8.3 cc.The minute‐volume of the herart, corresponding to the smaller consumption of oxygen, is less in thewhite rabbits, 111 cc. per kg. of body weight,than in thecolouredanimals, where we find 149 cc. per kg. of body weight.The mean value for all experiments is 121cc.The stroke‐volume of the heart per kg. of body weight is in whiterabbits 0.51 cc., incolouredrabbits 0.57 cc.The mean value for all experiment

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6101    

DOI:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1926.tb15376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1926

数据来源: WILEY