摘要:

Dusting with fluorescent-colored powders was a durable and reliable method of markingColladonus montanusleafhoppers and did not reduce their longevity or subsequent recapture. The percentages of markedC. montanuscaught on yellow sticky boards placed in a cherry orchard in autumn, spring, and summer were 9, 21, and 1% respectively. Catches generally decreased exponentially with distance from the release point and with time after release. Captures were prolonged over several weeks after the autumn release but diminished rapidly after warm-weather releases.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1178

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Carabids were collected alive with pitfall traps in cornfields during the second-generation corn earworm prepupal period. Double immunodiffusion assays showed 10 of 17 potential predators to have consumed earworm protein. Within species tested, positive responses ranged from 2.8 to 75% of the individuals.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1183

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A total of eight isolates, including variants and natural recombinants ofAutographa californicaMNPV (AcMNPY) for which genetic markers or physical maps are known were tested for in vivo virulence, and maintenance of genetic characteristics after infection ofTrichoplusia ni(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) andHeliothis virescens(F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Only one of the isolates was more virulent toT. nithan the wild type; however it was less virulent toH. virescens. One recombinant (AR-66) exhibited low production of polyhedra in TN368 cells, which were used for production of the polyhedra. One variant (AcMNPY-S1) with an insertion of DNA when compared with the AcMNPVE2 variant was at least 9.2 times less virulent than the wild isolate. After one in vivo passage of AcMNPY-S1, a new variant (AcMNPY-S1a) was detected with a new Eco-R1 fragment of 2.17 Mdal and a corresponding loss of a 1.55-Mdal Eco-R1 fragment found in the parental type.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1187

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A FORTRAN-based simulation model quantifying the interaction ofColeomegilla maculata(DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae(Sulzer)(Homoptera: Aphididae), populations on potato plants was developed. The model consisted of a GPA population, which was assumed to grow exponentially with time (h). Feeding ofC. maculataadults and larvae was included. TheC. maculatapopulation was assumed to be composed of eggs, larvae, pupae, prereproductive and reproductive adults. Natural mortality ofC. maculataeggs, larvae, and pupae was included, andC. maculataadults were assumed to die of old age after 1975 h. Cannibalism ofC. maculataeggs, larvae, and pupae byC. maculatalarvae was also included, as was a minimum number of GPA required forC. maculatato oviposit. The model satisfactorily described the change in GPA, and larval and adultC. maculatapopulations with time when tested against a 1977 data set. Model simulations indicated that temperature can greatly affect the predator-prey population dynamics.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1193

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Visual responses of South American fruit flies,Anastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and Mediterranean fruit flies,Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to sticky-coated colored rectangles and spheres were evaluated in field (both species) and laboratory experiments (A. fraterculus). Yellow rectangles were more attractive than orange, green, or red ones to both species. Yellow spheres always captued moreA. fraterculusfemales than spheres of other colors, whereas greatest captures ofC. capitatafemales were on red and black spheres. Spheres seem to be much more attractive to females than to males of both species, but not so rectangles.A fraterculusandC. capitatafemales may utilize different visual cues when seeking fruit for oviposition.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1202

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The hypothesis that differences in woodland and grassland rodent fauna were responsible for the absence of range caterpillar,Hemileuca oliviaeCockerell, in woodlands adjacent to infested grasslands was tested by field and laboratory experiments. There was little predation by any species on range caterpillar larvae. Three species exhibited active predation on eggs and pupae. Two of these species,Peromyscus maniculatus(Wagner) andOnychomys leucogaster(Wied-Neuwied), were found in grasslands inhabited by the range caterpillar. The third species,Peromyscus truei(Schufelt), was common in woodlands and showed particularly avid predation of range caterpillar pupae. The greater density and predation rate of this species over the grassland species was probably an important factor limiting the survival of range caterpillar in woodlands even when favorable host plants were present.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1211

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This laboratory study investigates the effects of constant temperature on reemergence of the southern pine beetle,Dendroctonus frontalisZimmermann. Beetles reemerged at temperatures between 12.5 and 33.3°C, with the relationship of adult residence time and constant temperature forming a backwards “J”-shaped curve. Adult residence time was greatest at 12.5°C (46 days) and least at 27°C (12 days). The distributions of those times changed with temperature. At 12.5 and 15°C, the distributions were near uniform, but as temperature increased to 30°C, the distributions became peaked and skewed right. Above 30°C, the distributions became less peaked. About 90% of the beetles reemerged at temperatures between 12.5 and 30°C, whereas above 30°C the percentage dropped precipitously. Males reemerged 1 or 2 days before females at temperatures below 30°C, but the reverse condition was found at 30°C or above. A two-component model is used to predict reemergence as a function of temperature. The first component describes reemergence rates as a function of temperature. The second component distributes the reemerging population over physiological time. When combined, these components distribute reemergence over calendar lime, and are Suitable for incorporation into a larger population model ofD. frontalis.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1216

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A moth flushing technique was devised to sample green c1overworm adults in soybean. The technique requires a surveyor and a recorder-observer who flush moths with two aluminum rods and record data, respectively. A fixed-count sampling plan using the technique was conducted throughout the growing seasons of 1977 to 1980 near Ames, Iowa. The sampling plan was found useful for making moth estimates and was moderately precise for population studies. Estimates from the flushing program were authenticated by: (1) confirming moth identifications, (2) searching alternate habitats, (3) reflushing areas previously sampled, and (4) comparing with emergence-trap and blacklight-trap estimates. Analysis of moth dispersion showed slight but significant aggregation, with the individual being the basic unit of aggregation. A sequential-count plan was developed for 10, 15, 20, and 25% precision levels. The utility of the sequential-count plan was evaluated during 1981.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1223

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We evaluated glandular-hairedMedicagospecies [perennial tetraploidM. sativaL. subsp.praefalcata(Sinskaya) C. R. Gunn, annual diploidsM. blancheanaBoiss.,M. disciformisDC, and annual tetraploids,M. rugosaDesr., andM. scutellata(L.) Mill.] for resistance to the spotted alfalfa aphid,Therioaphis maculata(Buckton), in growth chambers. Resistant and susceptible perennialM. sativaclones were used for controls. In free-choice tests, the glandular-haired species and the resistantM. sativacontrol clone were less attractive than the susceptible control clone. Very few aphids reproduced onM. disciformis. Fewer aphids were on the annuals than on the perennial glandular-haired species. When the aphids' choices were limited to the annual speciesM. scutellataandM. disciformis, they departed from both and moved around the arena. Similarly, when only the resistantM. sativaclone andM. scutellatawere available, the aphids chose the arena over the plants. In no-choice tests under three temperature regimes, resistance ofM. disciformisand the resistantM. sativaclone was similar. Resistance ofM. blancheana,M. rugosa, andM. scutellatawas similar and lower than that ofM. disciformis. Resistance of the glandular-hairedM. sativaclone was low, but rate of aphid reproduction and total nymphs produced on it were lower than on the susceptible control clone under a constant temperature of 24°C or under 29°C day-16°C night temperature regimes.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1229

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Preimaginal production ofCuliseta inornata(Williston) was investigated in temporary fall-flooded breeding sources in the Suisun Marsh and Sierra Nevada foothills of central California. Sources sampled on Suisun Marsh supported significantly more abundant populations of mosquitoes and phytoplankton and associated macroinvertebrates, and fewer predators. Suisun Marsh sources were also characterized by having low dominant taxon diversity. Foothill sources supported fewer mosquitoes, but were trophically more diversified, less productive, and contained a significantly higher number of predator taxa. First-instar larvae ofC. inornatacomprised a significantly high proportion of the preimaginal population in foothill sources, few of which apparently survive to later instars. Experiments with larvae ofC. inornataconfined in screened buckets demonstrated that shorter development time and increased survival occurred in one source sampled on Suisun Marsh. BothC. inornataandCulex tarsalisCoquillett exhibited classical resurgence after the dredging of one source in the Sierra Nevada foothills.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.6.1233

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP