摘要:

The survival, developmental time, and reproductive rates ofAmphorophora agathonicaHottes were measured in the laboratory on 4 red raspberry cultivars. Mortality was greatest on Canby>Malling Exploit>Washington>Latham (susceptible). It occurred primarily in the 1st and 2nd instars on Canby and Malling Exploit, but was distributed throughout all instars on Washington. Development was slow on Canby and Washington, while developmental time on Malling Exploit was comparable to the susceptible Latham. Fecundity was lowest on Canby

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.773

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Four synthetic acetates and an alcohol were field tested in traps as possible sex attractant inhibitors for the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith). Two of the compounds ((Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate) reduced the attraction of males to females 90–100%. These 2 chemicals andZ-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate subsequently were field tested as pheromone-communication disruptants. (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate effected a greater than 85% disruption of communication between males and females when they were evaporated into the atmosphere surrounding calling females. The former compound is a sex attractant of the fall armyworm; the latter is a sex attractant ofPlodia interpunctella(Hübner),S. exigua(Hübner), andS. eridania(Cramer). The use of these compounds to interrupt the normal reproductive cycle of the fall armyworm on an area-wide basis might therefore be feasible.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.778

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Population trends ofLygusspp. and 7 common insect predator groups were studied in strip-cut alfalfa during the summer of 1970 at Safford, Ariz. Adults ofLygusspp. andOrius tristicolor(white) consistently migrated to the half-grown alfalfa when the full-grown alfalfa was cut, but adults ofNabis, Collops, Geocoris, Chrysopa, reduviids, and coccinellids did not.Nymphs ofLygusandOriusdid not migrate to the half-grown alfalfa when the mature alfalfa was cut, resulting in high nymphal mortality in the cut areas. Possible migration of nymphs and larvae of other predator species occurred but was inconsistent.All species fluctuated in numbers as the season progressed except for adults ofGeocoris, which showed only a large early-season fluctuation.Zelus renardiiKolenati,Collops granellus(Fall),Scymnus, andHyperaspisspp. were also present but mostly in late summer.Orius tristicolorwas the most abundant predator, followed byNabis, Collops, Geocoris, Chrysopa, coccinellids, and reduviids.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.781

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

More than 350 soybean lines were screened for host plant resistance toEpilachna varivestisMulsant in field and laboratory experiments conducted in 1971 and 1972. Entries with low feeding damage scores in the field were screened in the laboratory in a larval antibiosis test and an adult seedling-preference test. Those entries which performed well in both the field and laboratory studies were retested and run through a 3rd laboratory test, the larval leaf disk test. Laboratory studies confirmed moderate levels of resistance found in the field in the following soybean lines: P.I. 90481, P.I. 96089, P.I. 157413, V–21, and V–156. Antibiosis and nonpreference were 2 mechanisms responsible. The performance of several selected lines in both field and laboratory screening studies indicated that the laboratory methods were effective for selecting lines with resistance and identifying in some instances the mechanism of resistance.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.785

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In southern France the alfalfa weevil,Hypera postica(Gyllenhal), overwinters in the egg stage within stems of alfalfa,Medicago sativaL., and the larvae ofPeridesmia discus(Walker) feed externally upon these eggs. The biology ofP. discusis discussed and the known European distribution is illustrated. During the period 1966–72 alfalfa fields in southern France were surveyed intensively to determine the relative abundance of the predator (ca. 9800 alfalfa stems were examined): egg mass predation averaged 5.8% (range: 0–13.2%) but varied widely from year to year and by location. From 1959 to 1972, 48,619 adultP. discusof French origin were liberated in 19 states, mainly in the southern part of the United States. The predator has not yet been recovered at any release sites. A technique is described for attempting the recovery ofP. discus.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.789

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

FemalePlodia interpunctella(Hübner) reared and observed in a 12:12 h light: dark (L:D) regime exhibited a calling rhythm with a maximum calling beginning ca. 2 h after the initiation of scotophase and continuing until the initiation of photophase. When held in a constant light (L:L) regime, L:D-reared females lost their calling rhythm within 2 days. When reared and held in a L:L regime, females called continuously. With L:L females held in a L:D regime, a rhythm similar to that of L:D females held in L:D was entrained within 2 days.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.793

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sex pheromone released by nonmated femalePlodia interpunctella(Hübner) was collected on filter paper and bioassayed to determine the relative amounts of sex pheromone released by females reared and held in a 12:12 h light:dark regime (L:D) and by females reared and held in a constant light regime (L:L). A regression, constructed from tests with synthetic sex pheromone,cis-9,trans-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate, was used to quantitate the amount of sex pheromone released by females. This data was then correlated with calling behavior, to measure the rate of sex pheromone release per calling female. During scotophase, calling L:D females release pheromone at a rate ca. 13 times that during photophase. In comparison, the sex pheromone release rate of L:L females during the scotophase was not significantly different from the release rate during photophase. These rates correlate with the calling behavior of L: L females‥Abdominal tips of L:D females contained slightly more sex pheromone at collection times during photophase than at collection times during scotophase when calling is maximum. No correlation was found in the amount of sex pheromone contained in the abdominal tips of L:L females and time of day. Turnover rate of sex pheromone was estimated in calling L:D and L:L females during scotophase and photophase.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.797

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Known numbers of adult codling moths,Laspeyresia pomonella(L.), were released into an isolated 80-acre apple orchard in the Wenas Valley, Wash., (determined to be essentially free of native moths) to test the efficiency of traps baited with females when free-flying females were or were not present. Trap efficiency was reduced as much as 75% when a moderate-sized population of free-flying females was present to compete with the caged virgin females. However, when actual catches were compared with expected catches (based on the assumption that caged and free-flying females were equally attractive), the virgin females in the traps were seen to be more attractive than the free-flying females. Also, when populations grow large, these sex attractant trap catches do not reflect the increase and therefore cannot be used to estimate the size of the population.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.803

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Apis melliferaL. colonies were placed in isolated desert apiaries where their only source of water contained paraquat (concentration of 1000 parts per million active ingredient by weight (ppmw)). Large numbers of bees exposed to paraquat died immediately, and all were dead before the end of the 5th week. When colonies were similarly exposed to like amounts of 2,4,5-T, large numbers of bees drowned in the water because of the lower surface tension of the water, and production of brood was reduced below that of check colonies during the period the treated water was used and for 3 months thereafter; however, in the subsequent 9 months, production returned to normal.Concentrations of 2,4,5-T in honey bees from colonies using water containing 2,4,5-T were as high as 148 ppmw, but this level dropped to about 5 ppmw as soon as the bees began using untreated water. Likewise, honey from colonies using water containing 2,4,5-T contained concentrations of 2,4,5-T as high as 50 ppmw; however, the concentration dropped to about 5.0 ppmw within 1 week after the bees began using untreated water. The last day when any 2,4,5-T was detected in honey bees and honey from treated colonies was 480 days after the experiment began. Wax from colonies using the treated water contained detectable amounts of 2,4,5-T 650 days after the study was initiated.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.808

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Citrus rust mites were cultured and acclimatized on green, coastal lemon fruit and subjected to 6 constant relative humidities ranging from 15–90% RH (±5%) each at 5 constant temperatures ranging from 15–35°C (±1%). We achieved the desired humidity control at the different temperatures by means of an original air-flow system without exposing the mites to an accumulation of toxic gases which evolve naturally from lemons. Initial and terminal mite counts provided data on population growth rate under each condition.A regression formula (k= −0.709983−1.412307H+0.124868HT−0.002545HT2) was developed to calculate the association between population growth rate (k) and constant conditions of temperature (T) and humidity (H). The correlation found between observed growth rate and the calculated growth rate of the T-H model was significant at the 0.1% level. Both temperature, a quadratic factor, and humidity, a linear factor, appear to strongly affect the ability of the citrus rust mite to increase in numbers. The theoretical optimal temperature (24.5°C) and limiting temperatures (17.6 and 31.4°C) as well as lethal and limiting humidity levels, depending on temperature, were also derived from the regression equation.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.813

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP