摘要:

The green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae(Sulzer), increased at faster rates in cages with multiple plants than in cages with a single plant because of the increase in favorable habitat. With the addition of the predatorsGeocoris bullatus(Say) andNabis alternatusParshley, the growth rates of the GPA populations were reduced 6.8 and 16.7% in cages with single and multiple plants, respectively.G. bullatusandN. alternatusconsumption rates, based on predator efficacy and power, increased 1.9 to 2.7-fold in cages with>50 compared with<50 GPA per cage. In comparisons of consumption rates in cages with single and multiple plants, consumption rates for both predator species increased 1.9-fold.In field cages with three temperature ranges and in the absence of predators, the GPA populations in higher temperature cages displayed decreasing growth rates. With the addition of predators, the growth rates further decreased by 10.7 to 21% in low and medium temperature cages, respectively, compared with those in the control cages.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.716

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval) populations exhibited similar distribution patterns onCodiaeum variegatum(L.) in both cool and warm weather in a greenhouse. The mite can be most easily detected by sampling the lower leaf surface of mature foliage on the upper third of the plant. These data provide a basis for mite sampling throughout the year in commercial greenhouses.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.721

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Experiments were performed with the iceplant scale,Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, to assess the effectiveness of small rodents, birds, humans, dogs, and wind in dispersing 1st instar nymphs (crawlers), ovisacs, and eggs. Large numbers of crawlers were collected on sticky-trap panels 3.45 m above the host plant canopy, indicating a strong tendency for dispersal by wind. Humans and dogs walking through infested field sites accumulated eggs, ovisacs, and crawlers. In the laboratory, mice and parakeets accumulated crawlers and ovisacs while foraging in infested iceplant and harbored them on body surfaces for periods up to 2 h. Wind appears responsible for the rapid spread of this insect pest in California.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.724

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The effects of 14 insecticides on survival and subsequent emergence ofAmitus hesperidumandProspaltella opulentafrom 4th-instarAleurocanthus woglumiwere assessed in a series of laboratory experiments. There was no discernable relationship between any compound's acute mammalian toxicity or acute toxicity to the host and the compound's acute effect on survival of either parasitoid. There was a relationship, however, between a compound's solubility in water and its acute effect on parasitoid survival. Compounds with high (>2,000 ppm) water solubility tended to spare both parasitoid species.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.728

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The changes in numbers of non-target soil arthropods caused by spraying lindane, chlorpyrifos, or carbaryl to protect pine trees from beetle attack were studied to find the magnitude and duration of community disruption. Plots sprayed with lindane had severe changes in the abundances of most arthropod groups, and the community structure statistics also changed markedly. Plots sprayed with chlorpyrifos also had severe changes in abundances, with the effects increasing through time. Community structure changed only moderately. Plots treated with carbaryl showed varied effects according to group, and moderate changes in community structure. Carbaryl was the least disruptive to the soil arthropod community of the three insecticides tested.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.732

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Larvae of the Mexican bean beetle,Epilachna varivestisMulsant, were fed on foliage from pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) that were exposed to SO2at 390 μg·m−3for 7 days. No differences in growth, development time, or survivorship were observed when compared with larvae fed on control foliage. The number of eggs per mass was higher for females fed fumigated foliage, but the time between deposition of eggs was longer, resulting in no difference between treatments in the mean number of eggs laid per female in a 10-day period. In tests of adult feeding preference, females showed a significant preference for fumigated tissue.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.741

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

(Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienal was tested in almond orchards for disruption of mating in the navel orangeworm moth,Amyelois transitella(Walker). Best results were obtained in air permeation trials with this pheromone formulated in laminate dispensers at 8.9 g/ha. Orientation of males to caged females positioned near the bottom of the orchard canopy (2 m) was disrupted 99% for the 39-day period after treatment. Disruption was less effective at 5 m. Disruption of male catches in female-baited traps was accompanied by reductions in the mating success of dealated females placed in test plots.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.745

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Individual male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, were tested in a sustained-flight tunnel to the sex pheromone, a 93:7 blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and dodecyl acetate. Two experimental procedures were used to investigate the interaction of the two components in the upwind flight response of males. In the first test, chemical components were selectively removed from the moths' flight path at two distances from the source, corresponding to areas of the tunnel in which the blend was or was not active in increasing the number of upwind flights. In the second test, males were offered a choice between plumes, in their normal flight path, which contained different components. Results of both tests showed that males were unresponsive to dodecyl acetate alone at all phases of the flight response, responses to the blend were dependent on the two components being mixed in the same plume, and response to the blend altered the males subsequent flight response to Z7–12:Ac alone.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.751

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Color is important in optimizing capture rate of male lilac borers,Podosesia syringae(Harris), in pheromone traps. Significantly more moths were captured with black, brown, or red traps than with other trap colors tested. White traps were consistently poorest. Painting dark-colored traps with a contrasting band did not increase their effectiveness. Although dark-colored Pherocon® 1C traps were up to five times more effective than standard white traps, traps painted on the exterior only failed to catch significantly more borers than did solid white traps. These findings appear to result from attraction and orientation of pheromone-stimulated males to dark shapes, rather than male hesitancy to enter a white trap. The role of visual stiumli in the searching behavior of male clearwing moths is discussed.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.756

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Maize weevils,Sitophilus zeamaisMotschulsky, either untreated or exposed to spores ofAsperigillus flavus(Link) orA. parasiticusSpeare, were fed on several endosperm genotypes of maize,Zea maysL. The maize with high-amylose germplasm sustained significantly more weevil damage and less overall aflatoxin contamination. Exposure of weevils to anA. parasiticusisolate resulted in significantly higher weevil mortality and aflatoxin contamination than exposure to anA. flavusisolate or to no treatment. Levels of aflatoxin contamination were positively correlated with weevil mortality; however, high levels of toxin did not completely eliminate weevil infestation from the grain.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/10.5.760

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP