摘要:

Experiment to determine the oviposition behavior and locomotor activity ofHomoeosoma nebulellumDenis and Schiffermüller were conducted under laboratory conditions with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D). When provided with oviposition sites dusted with sunflower pollen, females began to lay eggs on the day following mating, with a maximum fecundity during the first 2 d. During a single life span, the total fecundity per female ranged from 50 to 337 eggs (167.9 ± 72.2) ($\bar x$± SD). Most eggs were laid during the first 2 h of the scotophase. Locomotor activity of individuals of both sexes was recorded during the scotophase. Virgin females were active mainly at the beginning and end of this period. The activity of virgin males increased at the end of the scotophase, which coincides with female calling behavior. Mated females without oviposition sites showed a high and sustained level of activity.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.615

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

I compared the density and infestation rate of melon fly (Dacus cucurbitaeCoquillett) in papaya (Carica papayaL.) fruits on the ground and on trees and correlated the density and level of melon fly infestation in fruits with the relative density of adults in papaya orchards. Melon fly larval density was significantly higher in papaya fruits on the ground than on trees. The relative density of melon fly adults in the orchard correlated significantly with larval density in fallen fruits, but not with larval density in tree fruits. In addition, the number of adults in the orchard had a higher significant correlation with the melon fly percentage infestation in fruits on the ground than with the melon fly percentage infestation in tree fruits. Results suggest that papaya fruits left on the ground serve as a major breeding site and, thus, as a reservoir of resident (non-immigrant) melon fly population in papaya growing areas of Hawaii. Sanitation (removal of fallen fruits) should be an integral component of control methods aimed at managing melon fly population in papaya orchards.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.620

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sampling of summer form and winter form pear psylla,Cacopsylla pyricola(Foerster), was undertaken during four years and in two orchards using three methods: yellow sticky traps, clear sticky traps, and beating tray (limb jar techniques). Catches on yellow and clear sticky traps were positively correlated; correlations between trap catches and beating tray numbers tended to be nonsignificant. Catch of summer forms and fall populations of winter forms was much greater on yellow traps than on clear traps. In early spring (before bud break) clear traps captured as many or more psylla than yellow traps; but yellow traps caught far more psylla as green tissue appeared on pear trees. Differences in numbers caught on the two colors were larger for traps hung at the higher of two heights; however, in percentage terms (percentage of total captures occurring on yellow), no position effects were noted. Catches of spring populations of winter forms on sticky traps were highly biased toward male psylla. Similar trends in sex ratio bias were noted for the earliest spring beating tray samples; male bias decreased on successive sampling dates.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.626

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Populations of the house fly,Musca domesticaL., and other filth flies and their natural enemies in confined-animal houses are greatly influenced by the temperature of their manure habitat. In order to use filth fly management simulation models that are driven by habitat temperatures, a mathematical relationship between manure temperature and air temperature, time of day, and manure depth was developed based on simultaneous hourly measurements of air and manure temperatures at depths of 1, 7, and 15 cm in three poultry housing environments over a three year period. Manure moisture had no measurable effect on manure temperature. A simulation model predicting population sizes of the house fly and a predaceous mite was driven using temperatures from the equation, and actual air and manure temperature recordings. Predicted population sizes using the estimated manure temperatures were closer to the sizes using actual manure temperatures than the sizes using air temperatures.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.635

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Feeding responses that influence the effectiveness of a polyphagous endemic coccinellid,Coleomegilla maculata(DeGeer), for biological control of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say), in potato were examined in the laboratory. Consumption rate, functional response, prey preference, and the effect of alternate prey were studied forC. maculataadult females feeding upon eggs of Colorado potato beetle;Myzus persicae(Sulzer) and corn pollen were alternate food sources.C. maculatafemales continuously supplied with eggs attacked an average of 20.8 eggs per 48 h, and introduction ofM. persicaesignificantly reduced but did not eliminate egg feeding. Females starved for 24 h showed a Type II functional response to egg density when offered 10–70 eggs per 24 h in small cages at 26 ± 2°C. Data fit well to the Holling disk equation, which predicted maximum egg consumption of 31.5 eggs per 24 h. The functional response curve showed suppression of egg feeding at high egg densities when aphids were present as alternate prey, but no effect was evident at low egg densities. There was no change in functional response with corn pollen as the alternate food. When Colorado potato beetle eggs and aphids were available in equal numbers, females did not prefer either prey at low prey densities, but they preferred aphids over eggs at high densities. Eggs were an adequate (but not optimal) diet for larval development and adult oviposition relative toM. persicaeor corn pollen. Some implications for ecology and effectiveness ofC. maculatafor control of Colorado potato beetle in potato are discussed.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.644

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Population dynamics of waterhyacinth,Eichhomia crassipes((Martinus) Solms-Laubach), and a biological control agent, the weevilNeochetina eichhorniae(Warner), were quantified at a site in Wallisville, Tex., during 1987 and 1988. A decline of waterhyacinth occurred that was most pronounced during the 1988 growing season. Changes included decreases in (1) living above water biomass/m2(≍−57%), (2) living below water biomass/m2(≍−39%), (3) number of living leaves/plant (≍−50%), and (4) weight/plant (−40%). Associated with these decreases was a 1.5-fold increase in plant density. The waterhyacinth was severely damaged byN. eichhorniae. Highest numbers ofN. eichhorniaeadults (>55 weevils/m2) occurred in samples collected 15 September 1987. Decreases in the number of weevils for both sexes followed. Declines approached 8 weevils/m2per month for the following 5 mo. Numbers of pupae per square meter decreased during 1987 by 7.3 pupae/m2per month. Larval density increased during the winter months with highest larval density noted during December and January. This peak was followed by decreases in third instars of ≍80%. Increases in the number of adults and third instars occurred during the 1988 growing season, however, pupal density remained low (near 0) thereafter. Environmental factors that contributed to the waterhyacinth declines included a drought, nutrient conditions, intermittent freezing temperatures, as well as sustainedN. eichhorniaeherbivory.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.652

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A survey of indigenous parasitoids attackingMusca domesticaL. andStomoxys calcitrans(L.) pupae was conducted for 2 yr at eight dairies by exposing weekly samples of laboratory-reared fly pupae (sentinel bags). Mean relative abundance of each species was 59%Muscidifurax raptorGirault and Sanders, 14%Urolepis rufipes(Ashmead), 11%Phygadeuon fumatorGravenhorst, 10%Spalangia cameroniPerkins, 3%Spalangia nigroaeneaCurtis, and 2%Trichomalopsis dubius(Ashmead). Rare species includedPachycrepmdeus vindemmiae(Rondani),Nasonia vitripennis(Walker),Dibrachys cavus(Walker),Spalangia nigraLatreille, andMacroneura vesicularis(Retzius). Total parasitism was phenologically synchronized with the house fly population occurring between 17 May and 27 October, but it peaked 1–2 mo after the fly population peaked.M. raptor, U. rufipes, andP. fumatorwere common in June. A decrease in parasitism byM. raptorandU. rufipesduring late July may represent a gap between the first two generations. Paired samples of sentinel house fly and stable fly pupae indicated no difference in parasitism byM. raptoror by all species combined. However,U. rufipesparasitized more house fly pupae, andP. fumatorparasitized more stable fly pupae.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.661

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Weekly observations were made on the presence of house fly,Musca domesticaL., and stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans(L.), eggs, larvae, and pupae, during 21 wk at nine dairies in Cayuga County, New York. Laboratory-reared fly pupae were exposed at each site to monitor parasitoid activity. Incidence of fly immatures was significantly related to substrate, moisture, and location, but not to indoor or outdoor exposure. Incidence was greatest at wet sites, particularly in manure, bedding, and feed, and lowest at dry sites. Locations with the highest incidence were lean-to, silo, calf pen, outdoor manure pile, outdoor manure ramp, and manure lagoon. Incidence ofMuscidifurax raptorGirault and Sanders,Urolepis rufipes(Ashmead),Spalangia cameroniPerkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and total parasitism were positively associated with the presence of fly immatures, butPhygadeuon fumatorGravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was independent. With respect to substrate, moisture, and exposure, parasitism was generally distributed in a pattern similar to that of the flies. However, incidence of parasitism was greater, relative to that of fly immatures, in grass and earth substrates, but lower in wet manure and feed. With respect to location, parasitism was high at manure ramps and low in calf pens and in manure sheds, relative to fly immatures. The guild of parasitoids attacking synanthropic muscoid pupae appears to cover all appropriate host microhabitats at dairies in central New York.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.669

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Samples of laboratory-reared fly pupae were exposed weekly throughout the fly-breeding season for 2 yr at eight dairy farms. Microhabitats were classified by type of location, substrate, exposure (to sunlight and weather), and substrate moisture content. Total parasitism was fairly evenly distributed over all types of fly-breeding microhabitats; however, several parasitoid species exhibited strong associations with specific types of microhabitats.Muscidifurax raptorGirault and Sanders was most abundant in feed and straw, and occurred primarily at outdoor sites (regardless of moisture), and dry sheltered or indoor sites.Phygadeuon fumatorGravenhorst was most abundant in calf bedding, particularly at moist or wet indoor or sheltered sites, which was whereM. raptorwas not abundant, and outdoor feed.Spalangia cameroniPerkins occurred primarily indoors, regardless of moisture, but preferred loose substrates such as straw and calf bedding.Spalangia nigroaeneaCurtis was most common in sheltered moist feed and indoor wet straw.Urolepis rufipes(Ashmead) was most common at wet outdoor sites, primarily at manure lagoons and manure piles.Trichomalopsis dubius(Ashmead) was collected exclusively outdoors, primarily at earth and grass substrates near manure lagoons and manure piles.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.675

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The mealybug,Phenacoccus herreniCox&Williams, is a pest of cassava in Colombia, South America. Six species of coccinellid beetles that are predaceous on this mealybug were studied in the laboratory:Cleothera notata, Cleothera onerata, Cleotherasp.,Hyperaspissp. 1,H.sp. 2, andH. sp. 3. Comparisons were made of adult coloration, sites of oviposition and pupation, larval feeding behavior and wax production, developmental times, sex ratios, and potential for use in biological control programs in South America and Africa.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/20.2.685

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP