摘要:

The toxicity of a number of orchard pesticides to the predatory mitesAmblyseius fallacis(Garman), andTyphlodromus pyriScheuten, was determined in the laboratory by use of the standard slide-dip technique. Results indicated that azinphosmethyl and endosulfan were non-toxic to both species. Chloropropylate, formetanate hydrochloride, dimethoate and Galecron, however, were extremely toxic to the species. Carbaryl, demeton, and phosalone were highly toxic toA. fallacis, but these materials were nontoxic toT. pyri. Several other pesticides exhibited either no, slight, or moderate toxic effect onA. fallacisandT. pyri. Use of these materials in an integrated pest control program may allow predators to persist in apple orchards and provide satisfactory regulation of phytophagous mites at economic levels.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.797

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Females of the European cherry fruit fly,Rhagoletis cerasiL., deposit a pheromone (or a complex of pheromones) immediately after oviposition by dragging their extended ovpositor over the surface of cherries or artificial oviposition devices. The function of this pheromone is the prevention of repeated oviposition in already infested oviposition sites, thus assuring a uniform egg dispersion among available fruits. Apparently it also plays a role in sexual behavior by functioning as a male arrestant. The pheromone is soluble in water and methanol, persisting at least 12 days on the fruit surface under laboratory conditions. Chemotactile but no long-range olfactory mechanisms appear to be involved in its perception by the flies. A simple bioassay and a method to collect pheromone solutions by using artificial oviposition devices is described.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.801

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The developmental periods and mortality of the immature stages of field boll weevils at 18, 22, 26, 30, and 34°C were determined. Cotton branches containing squares into which a boll weevil egg had recently been deposited were placed into plastic Aquapics® in temperature controlled cabinets in which direct sunlight was simulated. Abscissed squares were transferred to chambers in which sub-canopy lighting was simulated. Subsamples of squares were dissected and the stage of development and mortality recorded. The optimum developmental temperature for the North Carolina boll weevil strain was ca. 30°C, since mortality was at a minimum at that temperature and developmental times at 30° and 34°C were very nearly the same.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.808

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

First stage maggots ofLixophaga diatraeae(Townsend) successfully entered 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, early 5th, and late 5th stage larvae and untanned and tanned pupae of the sugarcane borer,Diatraea saccharalis(F.). Percentage parasite maggots completing development to the pupal stage was reduced in 1st and late 5th stage host larvae and untanned pupae. No maggots completed development in tanned pupae. Maggots readily entered host larvae in all stages, but their ability to seek out younger host larvae in artificial diet contained in 30-ml cups was reduced. Host larvae parasitized during the 1st to early 5th larval stage underwent additional molts during parasite maggot development, but did not pupate. The duration of the parasite maggot period (male and female) decreased with advance in host larval stage parasitized up to the 4th stadium, and this decrease was associated with decreasing duration of the parasite maggot prefunnel period. Parasite puparia (male and female) from older host larvae generally weighed more.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.811

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A model is presented for predicting the number of cotton fruit damaged per day by reproducing female boll weevils,Anthonomus grandisBoheman. The model separately considers the egg production and the oviposition processes of the female boll weevil. The oviposition process depends on the availability of eggs in the oviducts, preferential site selection, and the availability of sites. Components of behavior for individual female boll weevils are considered and expected crop damage is projected for population of insects. Data are presented and compared with simulated results and the sensitivity of the model to changes in pertinent parameters is discussed.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.815

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Maximum captures of male oriental fruit moths (OFM),Grapholitha molesta(Busck), in sticky traps were obtained with a blend of 95% (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (DDA) and 5% (E)-8-DDAplus dodecyl alcohol; however, captures of male pecan bud moths (PBM),Gretchena bolliana(Slingerland), were unaffected by alterations in the amount (from 0 to 20%) of theE-isomer. The hours of maximum response of OFM (5–8 pm) to (Z)-8-DDA differed markedly from the hours of maximum response of PBM (10 pm-3 am) but were about the same as those of the lesser appleworm (LAW),Grapholitha prunivora(Walsh). Response to pheromone traps at 4 different heights indicated that captures ofPBMwere greatest when traps were 9 m above ground, but moreOFMandLAWresponded when they were 1 m above ground.Air-permeation trials with microencapsulated (Z)-8-DDA applied at rates of 2 and 8 g lure/acre, suppressed response of male OFM to traps baited with virgin females. On the basis of captures of released-marked males in the untreated orchard, suppression was 77–98% in the orchard treated with 8 g lure/acre for the 5 wk after treatment. The recapture rate of the released males by pheromone traps in the untreated orchard was quite high (69%).

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.822

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Life tables and tables of age-specific fecundity were constructed for the predaceous bugXylocoris flavipes(Reuter) for temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C and for relative humidities ranging from 32 to 98%. These tables were used to calculate the innate capacity for increase, the finite rate of increase, the generation time, the gross rate of reproduction, and the net rate of reproduction. the results indicated thatX. flavipesis capable of population increase over nearly the entire range of temperature and humidity examined. The optimum conditions for increase lie between 29 and 31°C and between 60 and 80% RH.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.825

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Canonical analysis was applied to examine association between parasitism rates of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens) (Tortricidae), and tree species composition and density. No statistically significant association was evident between parasitism rates by the early larval parasitoidsApanteles fumiferanaeViereck (Braconidae) andGlypta fumiferanae(Viereck) (Ichoeumonidae) and the density of 13 species of trees. Such association is masked by redistribution of spruce budworm larvae following attack by these two species of parasitoids. A statistically significant association was shown for pupal tachinid parasitoids includingActia interruptaCurran,Aplomya caesar(Aldrich),Phyrxe pecosensis(Townsend), andItoplectis conquisitor(Say) (Ichneumonidae). A strong negative correlation was shown for these species with densities of balsam fir,Abies balsamea(L.) Miller, spruces,Piceaspp., hemlock,Tsuga canadensis(L.) Carr., and beech,Fagus grandifoliaEhrh. Tree species influence where these parasitoids search, but when tree density increases, regardless of the species, parasitism rates decrease. Tree species density and composition apparently does not influence parasitism by the larval parasitoidMeteorus trachynotusViereck (Braconidae) or the pupal parasitoidEphialtes ontario(Cresson) (Ichoeumonidae).

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.832

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Adult boll weevils,Anthonomous grandis, fed for 4 days from emergence on a dyeimpregnated artificial diet before illumination at 3800μW/cm2fluorescent light for 4 h yielded a dietary LD50value of 9.9×10−4moles/liter and a tissue LD50value of 2.4×−7moles/g wet weight for rose bengal. The dye-sensitized photooxidation reaction was treated mathematically and 2nd order rate constants of 4.50 liters/mole·min for dietary rose bengal and 2.25×104g/mole·min for tissue rose bengal were calculated.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.837

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Compsilura concinnata(Meigen),Blepharipa scutellata(Robineau-Desvoidy) andApanteles melanoscelus(Ratzeburg) were the dominant species in both the low eggmass density site (Cadwell Memorial Forest) and the high egg-mass density site (Ludlow Town Forest).Compsilura concinnataparasitized a greater proportion of the larvae occurring in the lower canopy of oak. Although no vertical stratification was noted for parasitism byBlepharipa scutellata, it was more prevalent in the low density site. Other parasitoids occurring in the sites studied includedPhobocampe disparis(Vier.),Parasetigena agilis(Robineau-Desvoidy) andExoristasp. These occurred in low numbers.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.5.842

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP