摘要:

Eggs of the greater wax moth,Galleria mellonella(L.), and the Angoumois grain moth,Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier), were evaluated as hosts for mass-rearingTrichogramma pretiosumRiley,T. evanescensWestwood, andT. minutumauctt., not Riley 1871. Numbers of femaleT. pretiosumandT. evanescensproduced from eggs of the 2 hosts did not differ significantly, butS. cerealellaproduced twice as manyT. minutumas didG. mellonella. Female wasps reared from eggs of the greater wax moth traveled 5.6–6.4 cm/min faster and lived 6.1–11.1 h longer than those from eggs of the Angoumois grain moth.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.545

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relationship ofHypera postica(Gyllenhal) larval age to attack by the parasiteBathyplectes curculionis(Thomson) was studied in the laboratory. The rates of parasitism of the alfalfa weevil instars indicated the first 3 are preferred and are more susceptible to attack by the parasite than the 4th. Survival of younger weevil larvae after exposure to female parasites was markedly poorer than that of unparasitized larvae. Weevil larvae died from an apparent combination of puncturing by the parasite ovipositor and effects of parasite larvae. Mortality of host larvae was greater with multiple punctures than with single.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.549

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A review is presented of the initial importation of the Australian mealybug lady beetle,Cryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant, in 1891–92 from mild climatic areas of eastern Australia, and the subsequent history of its periodic releases against mealybugs in California. Since its introduction, this predator, which can rarely survive California winters, has been maintained contmuously in insectary culture and redistributed on a world-wide basis without further additions to its gene pool. New clones of the predator, collected in 1972 in 2 of the coldest areas of Australia, were propagated and colonized in California to try to broaden the genetic base for cold-hardiness of the species.Special equipment was designed for laboratory testing of the cold tolerance of this predator. In tests with this equipment at –5.0°C for less than 12 h, the old (1891) race ofC. montrouzieriwas shown to be less cold-hardy than the newly imported biotypes. Evidence is supplied that a simple test of adult survival after 12–h exposure to –5.5±0.5°C affords an easy procedure for measuring the cold-hardiness of this and other natural enemy species.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.553

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Cold storage techniques are being developed in our laboratory for parasitoids of the greenbug,Schizaphis graminum(Rondani) (Archer and Eikenbary 1973, Archer et al. 1973).Aphelillus asychis(Walker) adults could survive storage at 1.7–4.6°C for at least 120 days and still reproduce (Archer and Eikenbary 1973). A method for cold storage ofLysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson) mummies was developed (Archer et al. 1973) to facilitate timing for mass release and for shipping large numbers of parasitoids.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.557

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous research with different species ofTrichogrammahas indicated that the size or species of the host egg in which the parasite develops may alter its efficiency (Salt 1940, Marston and Ertle 1973). Also, storing ofTrichogrammapupae at reduced temperatures weakens the emerging parasites (Schread and Garman1934). Since the host used to rearTrichogrammamay greatly affect the rearing costs, and since cold storage of pupae may ease handling of the parasites for field use(Stinner and Ridgway, unpublished data), information was needed about the effects of these factors onTrichogramma. Therefore, we conducted laboratory and field studies on the longevity, fecundity, and searching ability ofTrichogrammareared on 2 hosts and stored at reduced temperatures.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.558

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Several species of entomophthoraceous fungi have been reported infecting potato-infesting aphids in Maine (Patch 1907, Shands et al. 1962, 1963, 1972), but their impact on the populations has been variable (Shands et al. 1958). Because these fungi have been recorded as causing dramatic reductions in aphid populations, they are potential biological control agents in an integrated pest management system. Their utilization must take into consideration their compatibility with pesticides; on potatoes in Maine, for instance, it would be unreasonable to abandon the use of fungicides against early and late blight (c.a. Alternaria solani [Ellis and Martin] Jones and Grant andPhytophthora infestans[Mont.]dBy). It would be especially important to select a fungicide that would control blights without inhibiting the spread of insect-attacking fungi.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.560

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Pityophthorus confertusSwaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infests many species of pine throughout the West. It commonly occurs in Pinus contorta,P. ponderosa, andP. jeffreyi; in addition, it has been taken fromP. edulis,P. monophylla,P. attenuata,P. coulteri, andP. lambertiana. Contrary to published accounts ofP. confertusbeing taken from fir trees (Blackman 1928, Chamberlin 1958), it occurs only in the pines.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.562

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Information on the dispersal of the adult cabbage maggot,Hylemya brassicae(Bouché), is scanty. Based on the relative amount of damage caused to crops located at various points from the source of infestation, Read (1958) concluded that the flies travelled short distances, mainly in the downwind direction. Mowat and Coaker (1968) assessed dispersal of a wild, dieldrin-resistant strain of the cabbage maggot from a large farm by determining the distribution of resistant flies in the surrounding areas over 3 years. They showed the fly had little innate tendency to disperse. Hawkes (1972) estimated that the rate of dispersal of32P-marked cabbage maggot adults released in a cabbage plot ranged from 8–20 m per day. The farthest point at which marked flies were recaptured was 58.2 m from the release point. Hawkes concluded that in the presence of the hedge and host crops,H. brassicaedispersed only through “trivial” movements and that wind direction did not affect the direction of dispersal. Reviewing the studies at the National Vegetable Research Station, Wellesbourne, England, Coaker and Finch (1971) suggested populations in brassica crops more than 800 m apart would be unlikely to intermix during the 2–3-week period of adult survival.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.563

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Cornicle secretions have been reported to serve multiple functions in aphids. Of particular interest are reports that these sticky secretions serve to defend aphids against attack by predators and parasites. Dixon (1958) observed that the aphid,Microlophium evansi(Theobald) will smear its cornicle secretions on the mouthparts of the coccinellid,Adalia decempunctata(L.) allowing the aphid to escape from the temporarily immobilized predators. Edwards (1966) observed parasitoid wasps (Aphidius) trapped in aphid cornic1e secretions in the field.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.565

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The combined effects of insect viruses and insecticides have been investigated both in the field (McEwen and Hervey 1958, Genung 1960, Getsin 1962, Wolfenbarger 1965, and Dempster 1968) and in the laboratory (Benz 1971). This paper reports quantitative studies of interactions of insect nuclear-polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and the insecticides DDT and rotenone suspended in peanut oil. These insecticides were chosen because one (DDT) stimulates insect respiration and thus is believed to enhance the effect of virus on larvae, while the other (rotenone) has the opposite effect (O'Brien 1967).

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.3.567

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP