摘要:

Analysis of Cooperative Extension Service records from northeastern states indicates that carpenter ants are steadily displacing subterranean termites as major concerns of the general public. Seasonal cycles are more pronounced in the more northern states. States more similar in long-term trends also show a higher degree of correlation (coherency squared) in seasonal ratios of carpenter ants to termites suggesting that such a pattern is driven by pronounced cyclical cues. It is suggested that the increase in public concern of carpenter ants with respect to subterranean termites is attributable to current effective subterranean termite control practices and to the suburbanization of the populace, placing homes in areas of highly probable contact with carpenter ants.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.997

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Risk considerations in evaluation of pest control methods are discussed, and a treatment of risk concepts is provided. The techniques of stochastic dominance for risk analysis are explained, and information requirements are specified. The approach is illustrated by economic analysis of citrus thrips,Scirtothrips citri(Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), control methods.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1003

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1012

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The seasonal occurrence of adult carrot rust flies,Psila rosae(F.), in the Holland Marsh, near Bradford, Ontario, was determined from 1972 to 1980 with the aid of emergence cages and sticky yellow traps located in insecticide-free plots of carrots. Dates of first emergence of the overwintered generation (OWG) ranged from 16 May to 1 June, and those of the first generation (1G) from 22 July to 3 August. Indices based on mean cumulative degree-days (DD) to observed seasonal events over 4 to 7 years permitted prediction of first emergence or first trap catch within 1 to 1.8 days of observed dates. The indices (with mean error of prediction) were: first emergence of OWG adults, 236 DD (air) above 5°C after 1 April (1 day) or 220 DD above 3°C (soil, 5 cm) after 1 April (1.5 days); first trap catch of OWG adults, 258 DD (air) above 5°C after 1 March (1.5 days); first emergence of 1G adults, 971 DD above 3°C (soil) after date of first emergence of OWG adults (1.5 days) or 1,050 DD (air) between 5 and 20°C after 1 March (1.8 days); and first 1G trap catch, 1,150 DD above 5°C after 1 March (1.6 days).

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1020

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

During 1979 and 1981, populations of ground-dwelling predators and parasites in research and commercial cabbage fields in upstate New York were assessed by pitfall trapping to determine species composition, abundance, phenology, and the impact of insecticides on them. Staphylinidae, Phalangida, Carabidae, and Araneida were consistently the most abundant predaceous taxa. Carabids and Staphylinids together comprised 75.9 and 74.1% of all predaceous or parasitic insects in commercial fields during 1979 and 1981, respectively. One of the 32 species of Carabidae captured,Pterostichus melanarius(Illiger), accounted for>50% of the total number of Carabidae. Total number of predators and parasites tended to decline from July through September in both treated and untreated fields, but this decline was hastened by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1026

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Infestation rates of the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann), and the oriental fruit fly,Dacus dorsalisHendel, were studied in a 13-km2area of Kula, Maui, in Hawaii from 1978 to 1981 by counting fruits on trees and collecting and holding fruits in the laboratory for adult eclosion. The number of trees in the area, number of fruits per tree, percent infestation of the fruits, number of parasitoids, and number of pupae reared per infested fruit were examined. Loquats, peaches, and figs produced the largest number of flies. Other minor fruits produced relatively small numbers of flies. MoreC capitatathanD. dorsaliswere recorded from peach fruits at the higher elevations than at the lower elevations. Eclosion data showed that both fruit fly species developed successfully together in individual peach fruits, the larvae of one species causing no apparent reduction in the number of larvae of the other species in those fruits.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1031

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Eight German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) population sampling techniques were compared in laboratory and field studies. Abilities to generate sample numbers and accurately estimate important population qualities (e.g., nymph/adult and adult sex ratios) were determined. These results will benefit blatticide efficacy and cockroach population ecology research efforts. The trap developed by researchers at the University of California, Riverside, gave the most accurate qualitative information overall, while sampling the smallest portion of the population. Use of all other sampling techniques studied engenders risk of biases in sampling various population age and sex classes.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1040

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The flights of adult Mexican bean beetles from experimental plots of lima beans and soybeans were monitored to determine the proximate cues to which beetles respond when initiating flight. Most beetles, including newly eclosed individuals, flew out of the plots within 1 week of their release. Two indices of activity relating to flight frequency and flight intensity varied similarly in response to weather conditions, and indicated that flight was related most strongly to temperature and wind speed. Flight intensity was then modeled as a nonlinear function of these two interacting weather variables. The model accounts for the observed bimodal pattern of daily flight activity.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1047

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Apanteles ruficrus(Haliday), a gregarious braconid parasitoid, was reared fromChrysodeixis argentiferacollections taken in Queensland, Australia, and imported into the United States, where laboratory studies were conducted to determine its basic biology.A. ruficrusprefers 3-day-old larvae of the soybean looper,Pseudoplusia includensWalker, and develops in the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia niHübner, and the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith). It attacks at least four other lepidopterous larvae. Mean developmental time from oviposition to larval emergence is 13.2 days at 28°C. Pupal development time ranges from 3 to 6 days. Mated adult males and females live about 20 and 18 days, respectively, whereas nonmated males live 18 days and females 20 days.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1055

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Four factorial experiments were conducted in which groups ofReticulitermes flavipesworkers containing up to 13.3% of a second caste (soldiers, short-wing-pad nymphs, long-wing-pad nymphs, or female neotenics) were exposed to various concentrations of the insect growth regulator methoprene. For all experiments the main effect of the factor “methoprene concentration” dominated the results. Large numbers of presoldiers were produced, as well as a loss of hindgut protozoan symbionts. In the two experiments with long-wing-pad nymphs and female neotenics, the factor “initial caste proportion” was also significant, but was complicated by a statistically significant “methoprene concentration”—“caste proportion” interaction. These effects were relatively minor, however, compared with the main effect of methoprene concentration and suggest that the presence of nonworker castes in their normal proportions do not militate the disruptive effects of exogenous juvenile hormone analogs.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/12.4.1059

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1983

数据来源: OUP