摘要:

Environmental data acquisition is discussed considering the complex energy flows to and from plants and animals, along with how the use of these data should influence the formats of collection and the variables monitored. Various existing data collecting systems are described, with special consideration given to computer oriented technology.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.855

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We hypothesized that the ♀ boll weevil,Anthonomus grandisBoheman, does not discriminate against squares in which an egg has previously been oviposited. We call this the non-discrimination hypothesis. The objective of this study was to compare the observed distribution of single and multiple eggs/square over a range of infestation levels (0–100%) with theoretical values based on our hypothesis. We observed 28,750 squares and classified 22,526 oviposition punctures in yr 1 and 6500 squares and 3549 oviposition punctures in yr 2. Our data support the non-discrimination hypothesis—the ♀ boll weevil did not detect squares containing an egg and did not discriminate against squares containing an egg. Large samples such as these allow a statistical approach to an understanding of some aspects of insect behavior that can not be obtained from observations of a small sample or of a small number of samples.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.861

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Nitrogen (N) loss from cattle dung was measured in dishes of fresh feces exposed outdoors in a screened cage.Musca domesticalarvae were used to determine the contribution of coprophagous Diptera to this loss. Little N was lost from naturally dried pads when insects were absent. Nitrogen loss from artificial 960-g dung pads exposed to other insects in the field did not exceed 13.5% after 16 days. Ten days after infestation of a series of dung pads with different numbers of fly larvae, the total N content of the dung was found to have decreased with each increase in the degree of fly infestation. Heavy infestations of dipterous larvae caused the loss of more N than was incorporated into insect tissue.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.868

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

When microencapsulated (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E-11-tda) or 11-tetradecynyl acetate (11-tdya) were sprayed in the field at various rates, the rate of capture of male European com borers,Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner), and redbanded leafrollers,Argyrotaenia velutinana(Walker), in pheromone traps was suppressed for 3 wk compared with the rate of capture in untreated plots. An application ofE-11-tda disrupted sex attraction of both moth species as much as 10 m from the site of application. The best strategy to achieve mating control over a pest-insect population may involve use of compounds that disrupt distance communications in combination with other compounds that would disrupt short-range pheromonal communications.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.871

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Thirty-nine species of parasitoids were identified from 12 species of lepidopterous pests on peanuts in Oklahoma. Important parasitoids ofElasmopalpus lignosellus(Zeller) wereOrgilus elasmopalpiMuesebeck (1.6% parasitism),Pristomerus spinator(F.) (0.8%), andInvreia mirabilis(Boucek) (0.8%). Parasitoids not previously reported fromE. lignosellusincludeP. spinator,I. mirabilis,Spiloehalcis sanguiniventris(Cresson),Spilochalcis flavopicta(Cresson),Chelonus texanus(Cresson),Mieropletis croceipes(Cresson), andApantelessp. The major parasitoids ofHeliothis zea(Boddie) wereMicropletis croceipes(Cresson) (20.8%) andEucelatoria armigera(Coquillett) (10.0%). Important parasitoids ofStegasta bosqueella(Chambers) wereOrgilus modicusMuesebeck (11.1%) andChelonus(Microchelonus) sp. (3.4%).S. bosqueellais a new host record forO. modicus,Diadgma compressum(Cresson),Orgilus walleyiMuesebeck,Macrocentrus ancylivorusRohwer,M. croceipes, andI. mirabilis.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.877

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Lethal dye-sensitized photooxidation reactions in the black imported fire ant,Solenopsis richteri(Forel), have been defined as a function of whole body concentrations of a series of xanthene dyes. Log probit analysis of mortality data has allowed calculation of LD50values of 1.1×10−3M for dietary levels and 2.3×10−7moles/ gm wet weight for whole body concentrations of rose bengal in ants illuminated with 3800 μW/cm2light for 4 h. Comparative LT50values were calculated for the xanthene dye series and related to whole body dye concentrations.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.883

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson) did not demonstrate a preference for biotype C greenbug,Schizaphis graminum(Rondani), susceptible or resistant sorghum entries in either release-capture or olfactometer tests. However, the mummy-green bug ratio for susceptible ‘Chilocco’ oats was significantly lower than for susceptible ‘Triumph’ wheat or ‘BOK-8’ sorghum in free choice tests. In olfactometer tests the percent response of the parasitoid to resistant CI-1580 oats was significantly greater than the response to susceptible Chilocco oats. No other differences between response to green bug resistant and susceptible plant entries were significant. With regard to the host plant response ofL. testaceipes, greenbug resistance was not detrimental and, in the case of oats, the response of the parasitoid may be enhanced.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.887

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Trap height has an important effect on the number ofScolytus multistriatuscaptured at pheromone-baited traps. Stikem®-coated traps, baited with synthetic pheromone, were placed at ca. 3, 7, and 12 m on healthy elms during the 1st beetle flight period and on both healthy and diseased elms during the 2nd flight period. Traps at 3 m were clearly the most effective in catching beetles on both healthy and diseased trees during both flight periods.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.889

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The sex attraction responses of male populations of European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner), to 5 ratios of theZ:Eisomers (1:0,97:3,1:1,3:97, and 0:1) of the sex pheromone, 11-tetradecenyl acetate, were monitored at 31 geographic locations in North America and Europe. The pattern of male response to the isomeric blends varied from one location to another. Most male populations on the 2 continents responded preferentially to the 97:3Z:Eblend, but populations at several locations were either attracted preferentially to 3:97Z:Eor showed heterogenity in response. Heterogeneity of male response was greatest in regions where the 2 pheromonal types of European corn borers occurred sympatrically.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.891

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Susceptibility data taken from mites originating from 11 commercial apple orchards in Michigan indicated that resistance to carbaryl in populations ofAmblyseius fallacisis presently low even in blocks receiving light or moderate applications of this insecticide. Only when multiple, within-season applications (3–5/season) and consecutive yearly treatments (4–9 years) are maintained does a significant resistance develop which can have practical application in an integrated mite control program. Toxicological data were taken from predatory mites after organophosphate, carbamate and multiple organophosphorus and carbaryl-resistant strains were released separately into apple trees lacking native populations of this species. All trees received alternating treatments of azinphosmethyl and carbaryl the first year after the release of predators and only azinphosmethyl the 2nd year. Data indicated that predators were readily established, but in contrast to organophosphorus resistance, carbaryl resistance did not persist in mite populations after the above insecticide applications were applied.

ISSN:0046-225X    

DOI:10.1093/ee/4.6.895

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP