摘要:

AbstractDetailed information on innervation of the histaminergic system in the brain is essential to an understanding of the physiological roles of this system. In a previous immunocytochemical study with antihistidine decarboxylase (HDC) antibody, we detected extensive networks of histaminergic fibers in many areas of the rat brain (Watanabe et al., ′84).In the present study, we improved the immunocytochemical procedure and examined the detailed distribution of histaminergic innervation in the rat brain with anti‐HDC antibody. As reported previously, the highest concentrations of fibers were found in the hypothalamic nuclei and medial forebrain bundle. With the modified procedure, we detected more dense networks of HDC‐immunoreactive (HDCI) fibers. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of HDCI fibers in other regions, namely, the thalamic nuclei, median eminence, fimbria of the hippocampus, habenular nuclei, superior colliculus, nucleus of the optic tract, parabrachial nuclei, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, superior, lateral, and spinal vestibular nuclei, posterior lobe of the hypophysis, and vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. We also found dense transverse fibers in the retrochiasmatic area and supraoptic decussation, which suggests bilateral innervation of the histaminergic system. These results indicate that innervation of the rat brain by the histaminergic system is more extensive than observed previ

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have employed immunohistochemical and morphometric procedures to study the distribution of monoamine‐synthesizing neurons in the medulla oblongata of the adult human, utilizing antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT), and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH8). In the human brain, the antigen with which PH8 reacts occurs within neurons that presumably synthesize serotonin (Haan et al., ′87). Neurons containing these antigens were mapped and counted in successive coronal sections with the aid of a computer‐assisted procedure. The results indicate that monoamine‐synthesizing neurons are distributed in the human brain in patterns broadly similar to those described for other species.TH‐immunoreactive cells extended caudorostrally for approximately 32 mm commencing at the spinomedullary junction and ending 8 mm caudal to the pontomedullary junction. In coronal sections these TH‐immunoreactive neurons were seen in the lateral medulla dorsal to the inferior olive extending in a continuous band to the dorsomedial medulla. Above the obex the majority of these cells apparently synthesize adrenaline since many PNMT‐immunoreactive cells were also found in this region. There were few or no PNMT‐immunoreactive cells caudal to the obex, indicating that the TH‐immunoreactive cells in this region synthesize either noradrenaline or dopamine. Approximately 65% of these TH‐immunoreactive neurons contained melanin pigment, whereas few or no PNMT‐immunoreactive cells contained melanin pigment.PH8‐immunoreactive cells extended throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medulla oblongata (approximately 40 mm). In coronal sections the majority were found in the medullary raphe nuclei. However, many cells throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medulla were found laterally intermingled with catecholamine‐synthesizing neurons. Occasional neurons in the lateral medulla appeared to contain both P

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract[125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) autoradiography was used to investigate the temporal development and distribution of β1and beta;2receptors in brains of baboons at ages embryonic day 100 (E100), full‐term gestation (E180), and 3 years. In all brain regions examined, with the exception of the hippocampus, binding to β1receptors exceeded that to β2receptors. The highest densities of ββ1receptors were found in the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and cerebral cortex; intermediate receptor densities were observed in most nuclei of thalamus, and the lowest concentrations were in the hippocampus. At E100, β1receptors were identified in the striatum, globus pallidus, and thalamus. During maturation, the number of β1receptors declined in cortical areas but increased in the head of the caudate and putamen. Significant differences in the developmental distribution of β1receptors during development were also detected: at E100 and E180 β1receptors appeared as patches in the caudate and putamen, but by 3 years of age they were more homogeneously distributed in both regions; changes also occurred in the distribution of binding within cortical layers. Autoradiograms of [125I]ICYP and [3H]mazindol binding show overlapping patches of labeling in the E180 striatum, suggesting a possible developmental association between β receptors and dopamine high‐affinity uptake carrier sites. This study demonstrates that noradrenergic receptors in the primate forebrain undergo significant developmental reorganization with region

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA number of studies indicate that acetylcholine is an important transmitter in most crustacean primary afferents and in at least several central pathways. Little is known, however, regarding the structure or distribution of cholinergio pathways in the central nervous system. The recent introduction of antibodies to choline‐protein conjugates provides a potentially powerful means for localizing putative cholinergic neurons and pathways in the nervous system. Acetylcholine was localized with immunocytochemical procedures in the axons and terminals of cephalic primary afferents and in interneurons of the crayfish brain. The most intensely reactive loci were the primary sensory neuropiles, which contain the terminals of the statocyst afferents (parolfactory lobes) and antennal afferents (antennal lobe). These results are generally in accord with previous findings based upon choline uptake and enzyme assay in lobster cephalic nerves. We also found evidence consistent with the presence of acetylcholine in the globular interneurons of the accessory lobe and in descending interneurons which originate in the dorsal medial and anterior clusters of the protocerebrum. The axons of several neurons in the circumesophageal connective (descending interneurons and primary afferents) are also reactive to the choline antibod

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree proteins with nominal molecular weights of 73 kDa (XNF‐L), 175 kDa (XNF‐M), and 205 kDa (XNF‐H) were identified as putative neurofilament proteins in the nervous system of the frog,Xenopus laevis.These conclusions were based on four criteria: (1) these proteins were enriched in cytoskeletal preparations; (2) they reacted with a monoclonal antibody (anti‐IFA) that cross‐reacts with an epitope found in all intermediate filament proteins; (3) they cross‐reacted with monoclonal antibodies directed against specific mammalian neurofilaments; and (4) antibodies that reacted with these proteins on Western blots specifically stained neurons in immunohistochemical analyses. The neurofilament proteins inXenopuswere antigenically similar, but not identical to mammalian neurofilament proteins. The principal difference was that four antibodies that reacted on Western blots with rat NF‐H reacted with XNF‐M inXenopus.However, similarly to mammals, antibodies against phosphorylated XNF‐M specifically labeled axons, whereas an antibody that reacted only with dephosphorylated epitopes on XNF‐M specifically labeled neuronal cell bodies in immunohistochemistry. Three other antibodies that reacted equally well with untreated or alkaline‐phosphatase‐treated XNF‐M or XNF‐H proteins also showed axonally restricted staining in the adultXenopusnervous system. An XNFL (XC5D10) antibody was produced which stained axons and cell bodies equivalently throughout the adultXenopusnervous system. By 3 days of development (stage 42;Xenopustadpoles), antibodies to all three molecular weight forms of the frog neurofilament proteins detected specific neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord; and antibodies to phosphorylated and dephosphorylated epitopes on XNF‐M could discriminate between axons and cell bodies in the rhombencephalon. The immunoreactivities of four antibodies directed at XNF‐L, ‐M, or ‐H, which were unaffected by alkaline phosphatase treatment, differed significantly in their immunohistochemical staining pattern

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have traced primary visual projections to nuclei of the accessory optic system in the mature wallaby,Setonix brachyurus, the „quokka,”︁ following unilateral intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase. The organization of pathways and nuclei is similar to that of other marsupials and to that of eutherian mammals. The dorsal, lateral and medial terminal nuclei receive bilateral input, though nuclei ipsilateral to the injected eye are weakly labelled in comparison with their contralateral counterparts.We also report on the accessory optic system in animals which were unilaterally enucleated neonatally or at postnatal day 35. At maturity in enucleated animals, ipsilateral projections to all nuclei of the accessory optic system are more densely labelled than normal. This exuberance is more pronounced in neonatally enucleated animals than in those enucleated at the later

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe accessory optic system ofRana pipiensconsists of lateral and medial fascicles of the basal optic root (BORl, BORm) and a single terminal nucleus, nBOR. The present study provides new evidence that these two fascicles differ not only in their trajectories but in fiber spectra and innervation patterns as well. BORl contains a substantially higher percentage of large, myelinated axons than does BORm, and the mean diameter of axons in BORl is greater than that of BORm. BORl innervates the entire terminal field of nBOR. The ventrolateral portion of nBOR is uniquely innervated by BORl and contains several types of neurons not found in the central and medial regions of nBOR which are innervated by both fascicles.Cytoarchitectural analysis of nBOR with Golgi techniques has revealed a number of similarities between the anuran nBOR and the mammalian medial terminal nucleus (MTN) with regard to cellular morphology, dendritic geometry, and retinofugal arborization patterns. In frog, nBOR appears comparable to the ventral subdivision of the mammalian MTN, while the peri‐nBOR region, which contains neurons postsynaptic to nBOR, may represent a more primordial version of the mammalian dorsal MT

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe nucleus isthmi of fish and amphibians has reciprocal connections with the optic tectum, and biochemical studies suggest that it may provide a major cholinergic input to the tectum. In goldfish, we have combined immunohistochemical staining for choline acetyltransferase with retrograde labeling of nucleus isthmi neurons after tectal injections of horseradish peroxidase.Seven fish received tectal horseradish peroxidase injections, and brain tissue from these animals was subsequently processed for the simultaneous visualization of horseradish peroxidase and choline acetyltransferase. In many nucleus isthmi neurons the dense horseradish peroxidase label obscured the choline acetyltransferase reaction product but horseradish peroxidase and choline acetyltransferase were colocalized in 54 cells from nine nuclei isthmi.The somata of nucleus reticularis mesencephali neurons stained so intensely for choline acetyltransferase that we could not determine whether they were labelled also with horseradish peroxidase. However, the large choline acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive axons of nucleus reticularis mesencephali neurons stained intensely enough for us to follow them rostrally; the axons are clustered together until the level of the rostral tectum where two groupings form: one travels into the tectum and the other travels rostroventrally to cross the midline and enter the contralateral diencephalic preoptic area.We conclude therefore that cholinergic neurons project to the optic tectum from the nucleus isthmi as well as nucleus reticularis mesencephali in goldfis

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMonoclonal antibody mabQ113 recognizes a polypeptide antigen that, in the adult cerebellum, is confined to a subset of Purkinje cells that are clustered together to form parasagittal bands interposed by similar nonimmunoreactive bands. The Purkinje cell compartments are congruent with bands of climbing fibers projecting from subregions of the inferior olivary complex (ICC). The array of mabQ113 parasagittal bands appears late in the development of the cortex. Weak mabQ113 immunoreactivity is first seen at postnatal day 6 (P6) in the Purkinje cells of the posterior lobe of the vermis. From the earliest stages there are signs of differential expression of the mabQ113 antigen in clusters of Purkinje cells: four mabQ113+ clusters are clearly present in the posterior lobe of the vermis at P6‐P7. Their relation to the adult band display remains uncertain. During the next few days immunoreactivity spreads rostrally throughout the rest of the vermis and laterally to include the Purkinje cells in the hemispheres, until by P12 all the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are mabQ113+. Nevertheless, signs of the adult band display are seen already in the vermis where the cells destined to become the vermal mabQ113+ bands (P1+, P2+ and P3+) stain more intensely than their neighbours. Following the stage of global mabQ113 epitope expression, bands are created by the selective suppression of immunoreactivity by Purkinje cells in the P— regions. By P15 the mabQ113+ and mabQ113— bands are clearly differentiated in the vermis and selective staining has begun to appear in the hemispheres also. The band pattern matures gradually during the third and fourth postnatal weeks until the adult appearance is attained by P30. The cerebellar afferent projections were lesioned to explore the interplay of cerebellar input and mabQ113 expression. The olivocerebellar projection was lesioned bilaterally by using 3‐acetylpyridine in the adult and unilaterally in the newborn by electrolytic lesion and unilateral inferior cerebellar pedunculectomy. Mossy fibers from the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts were lesioned surgically both in adults and in newborns and trigeminal projections to the cerebellum were removed in the newborn by unilateral ablation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The consequences of total blockage of vibrissal and hindlimb inputs were also explored in both adults and neonates. None of these treatments led to a modification in the pattern of mabQ113 epitope expression. Therefore, although parasagittal zonation is present in the afferent projection before synaptic contact is made with the Purkinje cells, it appears that the mabQ113+/mabQ113– bands can develop independently of afferent synap

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA nucleus that possibly relays both somatosensory and auditory information was identified in the well‐known autonomic control region in the rostral part of the ventrolateral medulla (RVL) of the cat by four sets of experiments using the WGA‐HRP (wheat germ agglutinin—horseradish peroxidase conjugate) method. First, after injecting WGA‐HRP into the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), anterograde and retrograde labeling was found bilaterally within and around a small cluster of medium‐sized neurons in the RVL; more labeled neuronal cell bodies were seen in the cluster ipsilateral to the injection than in the contralateral cluster, whereas labeled axon terminals were distributed more densely on the contralateral side than on the ipsilateral side. The neuronal cluster in the RVL was located close to the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata, constituting a short, slender column extending from a caudal level of the facial nucleus to the level of the rostral one‐third of the inferior olive. This cluster of neurons was named the ventrolateral medullary nucleus (VLMN).In the second set of experiments, WGA‐HRP was injected into the VLMN. Labeled neuronal cell bodies were seen in the reticular zone of the DCN bilaterally, with a slight dominance on the side contralateral to the injection, and further in the anteroventral division of the cochlear nuclei (CN) bilaterally, with a predominantly contralateral distribution. Labeled presumed axon terminals were seen bilaterally not only in the DCN and granular layer of the CN but also in the intercollicular region (IcR), lateral division of the posterior group of the thalamus (Pol), and medial geniculate nuclei (MG). Labeled terminals in the DCN were more numerous on the side ipsilateral to the injection than on the contralateral side, whereas those in other regions were distributed with a clear‐cut contralateral dominance.In the third set of experiments, WGA‐HRP injection into the CN resulted in anterograde and retrograde labeling in the VLMN. The labeling was bilateral, but more marked in the VLMN contralateral to the injection.In the fourth set of experiments, after WGA‐HRP injection into the IcR, Pol, or MG, labeled neuronal cell bodies were located in the VLMN bilaterally with a dominant contralateral distribution.The results indicate that the VLMN possibly relays somatosensory and auditory information from the reticular zone of the DCN and anteroventral division of the CN to t

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902730311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY