摘要:

AbstractThis paper details the in vitro techniques used to establish cells in culture from the brains of 40 patients, most of whom had chronic neurologic disease. The clinical and pathologic features of these patients are given. The success in establishing cell lines was dependent upon the origin of tissue (biopsy vs. autopsy), the site of removal from the brain, and various environmental and technical manipulations in vitro.

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes the techniques used to maintain and reconstitute from storage adult human brain cells in culture. Growth characteristics, cell morphology, lifespan, and karyotypic analysis of cell lines derived from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), non‐MS neurologic diseases, and normal brains are compare

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCells from explants and monolayer subcultures of adult human brain obtained from biopsies or autopsies of ten multiple sclerosis (MS) cases, one case each of Jakob‐Creutzfeld (JC) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and three cases with no central nervous system (CNS) involvement were transformed with PML‐SV40 virus. Transformation was effected to establish permanent lines of these particular adult brain cells so that sufficient quantities would be available for other research projects. The procedure previously used to transform human fibroblasts (Koprowski et al., '62) was successfully applied to human brain cells. The success of transformation was dependent on the growth condition of the cultures at the time of infection. Events occurring after viral infection and during the pre‐transformation and the post‐transformation phases are de

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe morphology of cells from normal and diseased brains and PML‐SV40 transformed brain cells grown on glass cover slips in culture is described. Seven types of cells are identifiable, four of which are probably of mesenchymal origin whereas the remaining three are neuroglial. A classification on the basis of the morphologic features is presente

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe descending projections of nucleus cuneiformis in the cat were traced by autoradiography in the transverse and sagittal planes following stereotaxically placed injections of3H‐leucine. Many descending axons are organized into distinct fiber systems, of which the largest and most well‐defined crosses directly in the midbrain and descends through the ventromedial tegmentum of the brain stem. This fiber system first terminates profusely in n. reticularis tegmenti pontis and then proceeds through the rhombencephalic tegmentum emitting transversely oriented branches to n. reticularis pontis caudalis and gigantocellularis, the raphe magnus and the facial nucleus. Its most caudal field of termination is a restricted portion of the medial accessory olive. Because of its size, compactness, and ventromedial course, this fiber system was termed theventral tegmental bundle. In contrast, fibers descending on the ipsilateral side are more loosely organized and describe many divergent paths. In their initial course they remain in a dorsolateral position and distribute to the n. locus coeruleus, n. raphe dorsalis, the central gray matter, and n. reticularis pontis oralis. At successively more caudal levels they converge ventromedially and descend through the rhombencephalic tegmentum in a position similar to that of the ventral tegmental bundle. At the level of the facial nucleus a group of fibers splits off to form a separate fiber bundle which descends lateral to the inferior olive and distributes to the lateral reticular nucleus. No evidence was found of projections to the spinal cord or cerebellum. A portion of the tegmentum ventromedial to nucleus cuneiformis was found to project bilaterally to the facial nucleus and to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the role of the midbrain reticular formation in the elaboration of certain forms of behav

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe distribution of retinal afferents to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat following the early removal of one eye has been studied using autoradiographic as well as degeneration techniques. The degeneration techniques have confirmed earlier observations that axons from the remaining, normal eye grow across laminar borders into the deafferented lamina A. Autoradiographic techniques, however, have shown further examples of translaminar growth between lamina A and lamina A1 as well as between lamina A1 and lamina C. Although the possibility exists that such growth also occurs between the other C laminae (C1, C2 and C3) such growth is harder to demonstrate since no well defined interlaminar regions exist in this part of the nucleus.In the monocular segment of the nucleus degeneration techniques have shown some translaminar invasion of the deafferented lamina A. Autoradiographic techniques have demonstrated similar growth as well as an abnormal invasion of the most lateral parts of the monocular segment. This latter growth originates in the optic tract as it curves around the nucleus on the way to the superior colliculus.

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have quantitatively examined the development of synapses in the ventral part of the lumbar spinal cord of the chick from embryonic day 4 until adulthood. The first synapses occur on day 4 and are of the axo‐dendritic type; they are invariably located adjacent to the border between the intermediate and marginal zones. Initially there are more synapses in the presumptive white matter than in the motoneuron neuropil, but this trend is later reversed; however, we found numerous axo‐dendritic synapses throughout much of the ventrolateral white matter even in the adult stage. The first axo‐dendritic synapses always contain spherical synaptic vesicles and have symmetric membrane specializations. By day 7 a few of these synapses were found to have mixed populations of spherical and flattened vesicles and asymmetric membrane specializations. After hatching there are still considerably more axo‐dendritic synapses with symmetric membrane specializations.Axo‐somatic synapses were first found on embryonic day 6 and were typically located on motoneurons lying adjacent to the marginal zone. These axo‐somatic synapses contain a few spherical synaptic vesicles and have symmetric membrane densities. Flattened synaptic vesicles were first found on day 10 and increased throughout development. Although a few axo‐somatic synapses with asymmetric membrane specializations were found at practically all stages, the symmetric type was always in the majority. An attempt was made to relate these observations with physiological, behavioral and neuroembryological findings from birds and other forms. For example, the fact that axo‐dendritic synapses always appear prior to axo‐somatic contacts would seem to rule out the role of somatic synapses in the initial induction of dendritic growth i

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to analyze the connections of the pulvinar nucleus in a prosimian. The experiments, which rely on the Fink‐Heimer ('67) method for staining degenerating axons and their terminals, fall into two parts: first, the tracing of ascending tectal projections to the caudal thalamus and second, the tracing of projections from this thalamic target to the cortex. Large lesions of the superior colliculus resulted in dense degeneration in the caudal half of the inferior subdivision of the pulvinar complex. This pathway could be identified when the lesion was restricted to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, signifying that it is a visual pathway. In general, the projections of the deep and superficial layers of the superior colliculus were distinct and in this respectGalagoresemblesTupaia. The inferior pulvinar nucleus in turn projects to area MT, a conspicuous subdivision of the temporal cortex. The superior division of the pulvinar, in contrast to the inferior division, is not a major target of ascending projections from the superior colliculus and projects to the areas of the occipital and temporal lobe intercalated between areas MT and 17. When these results are compared with similar studies in nonprimates, notably studies ofTupaia, a striking difference in organization emerges. InTupaia, and in distantly related mammals such as the squirrel, the target of the tecto‐pulvinar system includes area 18 adjacent to area 17. This feature is important since the two parallel projection systems seem to be related to each other in terms of the way in which the zero vertical meridian is spatially represented. However, inGalagothe subdivision of the pulvinar receiving projections arising from the superior colliculus doesnotproject to area 18. Area 18 is indeed the target of pulvinar projections, but these projections arise from that portion of the pulvinar which is not a recipient of ascending tectal projections. It is not easy to see how this primate organization, if indeed theGalagois representative of primates, evolved from the organization reflected inTup

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ascending projections of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord to the brain stem have been determined in five macaque monkeys. Connections to the lateral cervical nucleus and to the reticular nucleus of the cord in the C1 and C2 segments are present. In the medulla the most prominent connections are to the nuclei “Z” and “x” of Brodal and Pompeiano, to the rostral portion of n. gracilis and to the n. proprius of the restiform body. Minor projections reach the rostral part of the medial and lateral cuneate nuclei, the reticular nucleus, the n. centralis dorsalis and the periependymal gray. There were no projections to planes rostral to the medulla.In view of the connections established it is concluded that ascending systems in the DLF to the brain stem of primates are concerned with transmission of mechanoreceptor input to the cerebellum and thalamus and that nociceptive relay appears very u

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMale CBA strain mice aged 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months were injected with 5 μCi of 6‐H3‐thymidine per gm body weight and killed two hours after the injection. Incorporation of the isotope, as a measure of DNA synthesis and cell division, was studied in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum by light‐microscope autoradiography. DNA synthesis was found in a small number of nuclei of non‐neuronal cells, both of ecto‐ and mesodermal origin. The percentage of labeled cells (Labeling Index, or LI) decreased in both regions exponentially with age. On the base of measured LI values, the total number of cells arising from age one to 12 months was calculated. As the reference value the number of cells in one month‐old animals was taken. The calculated cell increment in the ectodermal population in the cortex amounted to 19.7–20.6% (average 20.2%) and to 196.0–425.0% (average 247.0%) in the corpus callosum (pairs of figures correspond to values calculated from LI values measured in sagittal and frontal sections). When all labeled cells (LC) were taken into consideration (of both ecto‐ and mesodermal origin) the corresponding cell increment ranged from 25.0–30.5% (average 26.8%) in the cortex and from 205.0–454.8% (average 263.0%) in the corpus callosum. The number of all newly arising cells in the whole hemisphere (including both cerebral cortex and corpus calosum) calculated from mean LI values of all LC in sagital and frontal sections amounted to 52.0%.It is suggested that the observed DNA synthesis and cell division, particularly in the corpus callosum and mesodermal cell groups of both regions studied, correspond mainly to renewal of cell populations. In the cerebral cortex accumulation of some newly arising cells in s

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.901610311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY