摘要:

AbstractThe cell bodies of the lumbar sensory and sympathetic pre‐ and postganglionic neurons that project to the pelvic organs in the hypogastric nerve of the cat have been labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase applied to the central end of their cut axons. The numbers, segmental distribution, location, and size of these labeled somata have been determined quantitatively. Afferent and preganglionic cell bodies were located bilaterally in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord segments L3–L5, with the maximum numbers in L4. Very few cells lay rostral to L3. Afferent cell bodies were generally very small in cross‐sectional area relative to the entire population in the dorsal root ganglia. Most of the preganglionic cell bodies lay clustered just medial to the region of the intermediolateral column and extended caudally well beyond its usual limit in the upper part of L4. These neurons were, on the average, larger than the cells of the intermediolateral column itself, with the largest cells lying in the most medial positions. Most of the post‐ganglionic somata were in the ipsilateral distal lobe of the inferior mesenteric ganglion, while some (usually<10%) lay in accessory ganglia along the lumbar splanchnic nerves and in paravertebral ganglia L3–L5. Postganglionic somata in the inferior mesenteric ganglion were larger than both labeled and unlabeled ganglion cells in the paravertebral ganglia. From the data, it is estimated that about 1,300 afferent neurons, about 1,700 preganglionic neurons, and about 17,000 postganglionic neurons project in each hypogastric nerve i

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe cell bodies of the lumbar sensory and sympathetic pre‐ and postganglionic neurons that project to the inferior mesenteric ganglion in the lumbar splanchnic nerves of the cat have been labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase applied to the central end of their cut axons near the inferior mesenteric ganglion. The numbers, segmental distribution, location, and size of these labeled somata have been determined quantitatively. After all the lumbar splanchnic nerves on one side of an animal were labeled, most labeled cell bodies were situated ipsilaterally in dorsal root ganglia, ganglia of the lumbar sympathetic trunk, and spinal cord segments L2–L5, with the maximum numbers in L3 and L4. A few labeled somata lay contra‐laterally or rostral to L2. After labeling of only one lumbar splanchnic nerve, the majority of cell bodies were found in the labeled segment, but a few were also present up to three segments rostral or caudal. These variations could always be attributed to extraspinal connections usually via the lumbar sympathetic trunk. Cross‐sectional areas of labeled afferent somata were small relative to those of the entire population of dorsal root ganglion cells. Preganglionic cell bodies were labeled in the intermediate gray matter extending from its lateral border ventrolaterally across to the central canal. Two regions of high density were observed: one laterally just medial to the edge of the white matter and the other lateral to the central canal. The dorsolateral group lay somewhat medial and caudal to the usual limits of the intermediolateral column. Labeled preganglionic neurons were on the average larger than the unlabeled cells in the inferior mesenteric ganglion, with the group lying medially being larger than those that were laterally positioned. From the data, it is estimated that about 4,600 afferent axons, about 4,600 preganglionic axons, and about 2,800 postganglionic axons travel in the lumbar splanchnic nerves to the inferior mesenteric ganglion of

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe cell bodies of the lumbar sensory and sympathetic pre‐and postganglionic neurons that project to the colon along the inferior mesenteric artery of the cat have been labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase applied to the central end of their cut axons. The numbers, segmental distribution, location, and size of these labeled somata have been determined quantitatively. Afferent cell bodies were symmetrically distributed bilaterally in dorsal root ganglia T13–L5, with the maximum number (about 80%) in L3 and L4 and most of the rest in L2. Labeled afferent somata were small relative to the entire population of DRG cells. Occasionally a few preganglionic somata were labeled in the intermediate zone of L3 and L4 spinal cord segments. Postganglionic cell bodies were labeled bilaterally in the proximal lobes of the inferior mesenteric ganglion (70–95%), in accessory ganglia of the intermesenteric nerve and of the lumbar splanchnic nerves, and in lumbar paravertebral ganglia. The segmental distribution in the lumbar sympathetic trunk was symmetrical on both sides and was the same as that of the afferent cells. Labeled postganglionic cell bodies in both the IMG and the accessory ganglia were larger than labeled and unlabeled ganglion cells in the paravertebral ganglia. From these data, it is estimated that about 2,100 afferent neurons and about 29,000 postganglionic neurons project in the lumbar colonic nerves. In conjunction with equivalent data for the hypogastric and lumbar splanchnic nerves, the results provide a quantitative and spatial description of the afferent and efferent components of the lumbar innervation of the colon and pelvic vi

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe distribution of central neurons displaying somatostatin immunoreactivity was studied using three monoclonal antibodies to cyclic somatostatin. The sensitive ABC immunoperoxidase technique was employed. A large number of positive cell groups including many previously undescribed populations were detected throughout the brain and spinal cord. Telencephalic somatostatin neurons included periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb, mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb, and multipolar cells in the anterior olfactory nuclei, neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus, lateral septum, striatum, a ad nucleus accumbens. Within the hypothalamus, positive neurons were found in the periventricular, suprachiasmatic, and arcuate nuclei, and throughout the anterior and lateral hypothalamus. The entopeduncular nucleus and zona incerta contained many positive neurons, and the lateral habenula had a dense terminal field suggesting a pallidohabenula somatostatin pathway.Somatostatin neurons were also found in association with many sensory systems. Positive cells were present in the superior and inferior colliculi, the ventral cochlear nuclei, the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, nucleus cuneatus, nucleus gracilus, and the substantia gelatinosa.Various cerebellar circuits also displayed somatostatin immunoreactivity. Golgi cells throughout the cerebellar cortex were intensely stained, and some Purkinje cells in the paraflocculus also showed a positive reaction. Positive fibers were present in the granular layer and large varicose fibers were present in the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Many nuclei known to project to the cerebellum, including the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the medial accessory inferior olive, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, and many areas of the reticular formation contained positive neurons.These studies demonstrate that these new monoclonal antibodies are of great value for the study of central somatostatin systems. Previously described somatostatin systems are readily detected with these antibodies, and in addition, many otherwise unrecognized somatostatin cell groups have been discovered.

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe large majority of intraoral taste buds in goldfish are located on the gill arches and on the palatal organ, a muscular organ situated on the roof of the mouth. These taste buds are innervated by branches of the vagus nerve which terminate in a laminated vagal lobe, itself being an enlargement of the special visceral sensory column of the medulla. The tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the connectivity of the various branches of the vagus nerve that innervate the oropharyngeal gustatory surfaces.The entire oral cavity is mapped onto the vagal lobe so that the anterior end of the palatal organ and the most anterior gill arch are represented anteriorly in the vagal lobe; progressively more posterior oral structures are represented progressively more posteriorly in the lobe. The medial part of the palatal organ and the opposing gill arch surface, i.e., the ventromedial portion, are represented ventrally in the vagal lobe. The dorsolateral portions of the palatal organ and gill arches are represented dorsomedially in the vagal lobe. The topographic representation of the oral structures is similar for both the motor and sensory systems.In addition to this overall topographic organization, the different oropharyngeal structures are represented differentially in the layers of the vagal lobe. Palatal organ inputs reach layers VI and IX while gill arch inputs terminate in layers II, IV, and IX.The overall organization of the vagal lobe suggests a highly organized reflex system which is involved in the separation of food from substrate, especially during bottom feeding.

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough teleost fish comprise the largest vertebrate radiation, surprisingly little is known about the structure and development of their central nervous systems. Since teleosts are being used much more frequently as model systems in neurobiological research, particularly in understanding visual function, detailed information is needed about central nervous system structures and interconnections. By using the Bodian method with Nissl counterstaining we have analyzed the major nuclei in the diencephalon and pretectum of a cichlid fish,Haplochromis burtoni, which is dependent on vision for its survival. Although our results are broadly comparable with those from other teleost species, there are clear differences, particularly among the visual nuclei. By using animals of a range of sizes to confirm our descriptions we were able to identify possible developmental relationships among several nuclei.

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of neuromasts and sensory neurons of the posterior lateral line was studied in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) in order to determine the relationship between growing axons of sensory neurons and the migratory cellular primordium of midbody line neuromasts. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a primary system of six neuromasts develops during the second day after fertilization and evidence is presented that these arise from cells of a migratory primordium. The primordium is first detected in the postauditory region immediately adjacent to the developing sensory ganglion. Growth cones of posterior lateral line sensory neurons are found within the premigratory primordium when it is adjacent to the ganglion. At later times growth cones of these sensory neurons are found within the primordium as it migrates caudally along the midbody line.These results demonstrate that although the growth cones of the sensory neurons grow over a considerable distance to their final destination, they are never very far from their target cells (or target cell precursors), which migrate with them and may even lead them.

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPatterns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity were examined histochemically in the rat SmI cortex. Discrete regions of high enzymatic activity were centered upon the granule cell aggregates (barrels) in layer IV. Those barrels which correspond to the mystacial vibrissae and make up the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF) were especially interesting in that CO staining revealed distinct metabolic subdivisions which do not have an easily demonstrable cytoarchitectonic counterpart. By analogy with the barrels in mouse PMBSF and with the cytoarchitectonically distinct barrels representing the smaller sinus hairs in the rat we propose that regions of high CO activity denote the “hollow” of the rat PMBSF barrels.In accord with previous physiological studies demonstrating a vertical organization in the rodent barrel cortex, we also noted columns of intense CO activity extending from layer VI through sublamina Vb. The centers of these columns coincided with the centers of the barrels in layer IV. In tangential sections through the infragranular laminae the segmentation of CO‐positive zones was less distinct than in layer IV and appeared as bands of heightened activity oriented like the five rows of layer IV barrels. Highly reactive somata, and dendrites were observed in both the granular and infragranular CO barrels indicating that some of the increased activity of these regions reflects oxidative metabolism of cortical neurons per se. These patterns of metabolic activity underscore the vertical and horizontal organization of the SmI vibrissa cortex and suggest that neurons located within the central core of a column have functional properties distinct from those located in zones where individual columns inte

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe transient occipital cortical component of the pyramidal tract which we previously had identified during the postnatal development of the rat (Stanfield et al., '82) has been studied with anterograde as well as retrograde techniques. A continuous band of retrogradely labeled layer V neurons which spans the entire cortex including the occipital cortex is seen following injections of the fluorescent marker Fast Blue into the pyramidal decussation during the first postnatal week. No labeled cells are found in the occipital cortex following similar injections made on postnatal day 20 (P20), although such injections label many neurons in the more rostral cortical fields. However, if the Fast Blue injection is made on P2 and the animal is allowed to survive until P25 a large number of Fast Blue‐labeled layer V neurons is found in the occipital cortex, even though an acute, second injection of the retrograde tracer Nuclear Yellow made into the pyramidal decussation shortly before the animal is killed results in no occipital cortical labeling.When Fast Blue injections confined to the mid‐ or upper‐cervical spinal cord are made on P4 and the animals are killed on P9, again many retrogradely labeled neurons are found in the occipital cortex. Further, when injections of3H‐proline or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) confined to the occipital cortex are made during the first 2 postnatal weeks, anterogradely transported label is seen within the pyramidal tract. At all stages examined the amount of such label and its caudal extent are less than that seen following similar injections into the parietal or frontal cortex. The greatest extent of the labeled occipital cortical fibers is reached at about the end of the first postnatal week and the number of these fibers seems to peak at about this same time. At this stage many of these labeled axons extend for a considerable distance down the spinal cord with some reaching as far caudal as lower lumbar levels, and at this stage some of these labeled occipital corticospinal fibers enter into the spinal gray. Over the next week the number of occipital cortical fibers in the pyramidal tract rapidly decreases and by P17 occipital cortical injections of3H‐proline or WGA‐HRP result in virtually no transported label caudal to the pons.We conclude that during the early postnatal period many layer V neurons in the occipital cortex extend corticospinal axons well down the spinal cord and some of these axons enter the spinal gray, but that all of these occipital corticospinal fibers are subsequently eliminated even though many of their neurons of origin remain intact. Thus, the elimination of long axonal collaterals appears to be an important feature of the development of cortical projection systems and plays a major role in the determination of the tangential distribution of cortical proje

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902380201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY