摘要:

AbstractThe distribution of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) FMRFamide‐like immunoreactivity is described in the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord and in the peripheral median nervous system of the locust,Schistocerca gregaria.Immunoreactive cell bodies occur in three regions of the thoracic ganglia: 1) two pairs of cells lie in the anterior of the ganglion ventral to the root of nerve 1 and the anterior ventral association centre; 2) a group of cells lies in the ventral midline at the level at which nerves 3 and 4 leave the ganglion; 3) and two bilaterally symmetrical, posterior lateral groups lie between nerves 5 and 6 at the edge of the ganglion. Immunoreactive cell bodies in the suboesophageal and abdominal ganglia are confined to the midline and are distributed along the anterior‐posterior axis both dorsally and ventrally. The processes of the posterior lateral groups have been traced into the neurohaemal organs of the median nerve and beyond. In the periphery such processes innervate the salivary glands and various muscles.The nature of the endogenous antigen contained in the immunoreactive cells has been investigated with the use of antisera against other peptides of the pancreatic polypeptide family, namely avian pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and peptide YY. In addition, BPP antisera not specific for the C terminal hexapeptide have been tested. Liquid preabsorption experiments with BPP and FMRFamide (the molluscan cardioacceleratory peptide) suggest that the endogenous peptide antigen contained in the stained neurones may belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family or to the FMRFamide fam

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCholine acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine‐synthesizing enzyme and a definitive marker for cholinergic neurons, was localized immunocytochemically in the motor and somatic sensory regions of rat cerebral cortex with monoclonal antibodies. ChAT‐positive (ChAT+) varicose fibers and terminal‐like structures were distributed in a loose network throughout the cortex. Some immunoreactive cortical fibers were continuous with those in the white matter underlying the cortex, and many of these fibers presumably originated from subcortical cholinergic neurons. ChAT+ fibers appeared to be rather evenly distributed throughout all layers of themotorcortex, but a subtle laminar pattern was evident in thesomatic sensorycortex, where lower concentrations of fibers in layer IV contrasted with higher concentrations in layer V. Electron microscopy demonstrated that immunoreaction product was concentrated in synaptic vesicle‐filled profiles and that many of these structures formed synaptic contacts. ChAT+ synapses were present in all cortical layers, and the majority were of the symmetric type, although a few asymmetric ones were also observed. The most common postsynaptic elements were small to medium‐sized dendritic shafts of unidentified origin. In addition, ChAT + terminals formed synaptic contacts with apical and, probably, basilar dendrites of pyramidal neurons, as well as with the somata of ChAT‐negative nonpyramidal neurons.ChAT+ cell bodies were present throughout cortical layers II–VI, but were most concentrated in layers II–III. The somata were small in size, and the majority of ChAT + neurons were bipolar in form, displaying vertically oriented dendrites that often extended across several cortical layers. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of immunoreaction product within the cytoplasm of small neurons and revealed that they received both symmetric and asymmetric synapses on their somata and proximal dendrites. These observations support an identification of ChAT + cells as nonpyramidal intrinsic neurons and thus indicate that there is an intrinsic source of cholinergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex, as well as the previously described ex

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe dorsolateral visual area (DL) is one of a number of visual areas that have been defined by electrophysiological mapping procedures and cortical architecture in the extrastriate cortex of owl monkeys. The projections of DL were determined by the intra‐axonal transport of3H‐proline,3H‐aceytl‐wheat germ agglutinin, and horseradish peroxidase after cortical injections. The major ipsilateral projection of DL defined a new subdivision of the visual cortex in owl monkeys, the caudal inferior temporal cortex. Single injections in DL sometimes produced label in two separate regions in the caudal inferior temporal cortex, suggesting that functional subdivisions exist in this projection zone. Other targets of DL included the region of the frontal eye fields, the dorsomedial visual area, the dorsointermediate visual area (DI), a region of the cortex rostral to DI which we call the temporoparietal cortex, and possibly the ventral (V) and posterior parietal areas. A major feedback projection of DL was to V‐II. Projections from DL to V‐II and the dorsomedial visual area were roughly retinotopic. Projections from DL to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere were to DL and the inferior temporal cortex. Overall, the results support the concept that a major relay of visual information proceeds from V‐I to V‐II to DL and then to the inferior temporal cortex. In addition, similarities in connection patterns of DL in owl monkeys and V4 in macaque monkeys suggest that DL and much or all of V4

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA histochemical technique has been used to map the distribution and the relative proportion of the active and inactive form of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase in the primary afferent cell bodies of lumbar dorsal root ganglia and within the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. The glycogen phosphorylase was found to be present in large and small diameter primary afferent cell bodies and in the grey matter of the spinal cord, except in lamina 2. Most of the glycogen phosphorylase in control rats was in the inactive form. Peripheral innocuous mechanical and thermal stimuli failed to alter the activity of glycogon phosphorylase in the lumbar spinal cord, but noxious mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli when applied to the hindlimb of decerebrate rats increased the enzyme activity in the ipsilateral dorsal horn within 10 minutes. The number of primary afferent cell bodies with active glycogen phosphorylase also increased. These changes are likely to be due to the conversion of the inactive “b” form of the enzyme to the active “a” form under the influence of a calcium or cyclic AMP activated phosphorylase b kinase. Pentobarbitone anaesthesia diminished but did not completely suppress the noxious stimulus‐evoked glycogen phosphorylase activity changes.Graded electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve was performed to simulate the effects of the peripheral noxious stimuli in a controlled fashion. Stimulation at a strength that activated only large myelinated afferents produced no greater effect on the distribution of the active form of the enzyme in the dorsal horn than that produced by exposure of the nerve, but stimulation of the thin myelinated A‐delta afferents and unmyelinated C‐fibres produced a widespread increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity in the spinal cord and in the L4 dorsal root ganglion. The increased activity could be detected after stimulation for as short a period of time as 5 minutes.The mechanisms underlying the stimulus‐evoked increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia are not yet known, nor have we positively established which elements in the spinal cord, neurones, or glia are responsible for the changes in the glycogen phosphorylase activity. Nevertheless, it is clear that the neural activity generated by certain types of high threshold input is associated with the activation of glycogen phosphorylase, and this may be a useful tool for studying the spatial distribution of some activity‐related changes in the nervous system. The technique may also help elucidate those circumstances where glycogen reserves are used as an energy source

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDirect projections from the cerebral cortex to the parabrachial nucleus in the cat were examined by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)method. When HRP was injected into the parabrachial nucleus, retrogradely labeled neuronal cell bodies were seen, bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance, mainly in the orbital gyrus, the lateral bank of the presylvian sulcus, and a restricted region in the infralimbic cortex on the medial surface of the frontal lobe (stereotaxic coordinates; Fr: 22, L: 1, H: ‐1); all labeled neurons were in deep pyramidal cell layer.After injecting HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA‐HRP) into the cortical regions where retrogradely labeled neurons were found after injecting HRP into the parabrachial nucleus, anterogradely labeled cortical fibers were traced to the parabrachial nucleus. Corticoparabrachial fibers originating from the orbital gyrus and the lateral bank of the presylvian sulcus ran ipsilaterally through the internal capsule and the cerebral peduncle down to the lower brainstem, whereas those from the infralimbic cortex coursed down ipsilaterally through the medial forebrain bundle. These cortical fibers to the parabrachial nucleus were distributed bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance. Cortical fiber terminals in the parabrachial nucleus were topographically arranged: Corticoparabrachial fibers from the lateral bank of the presylvian sulcus ended most massively in the dorsal part of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Corticoparabrachial fibers from the orbital gyrus ended most heavily in the medial parabrachial nucleus and less heavily in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Corticoparabrachial fibers from the infralimbic cortex ended mostly in the parabrachial regions surrounding the brachium conjuncti

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWith the use of the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique the distribution of substance P (SP), enkephalin (ENK), and serotonin (5HT) immunoreactivities were described in the area postrema of the rat and cat. In both species, immunoreactivity in the area postrema was differentially distributed as either fibers only, or cell bodies and fibers. In the rat and cat, ENK had the greatest accumulation of immunoreactive fibers, followed by 5HT and SP. In the area postrema of the rat the majority of SP‐, ENK‐, and 5HT‐immunoreactive fibers were along the ventral and ventrolateral borders, with fewer immunostained fibers at the dorsal surface. The area postrema of the cat had the majority of SP‐, ENK‐, and 5HT‐immunoreactive fibers at the ventral and lateral borders, with fewer immunostained fibers at the dorsal and medial borders. In both species, the area postrema's central region contained the fewest immunostained fibers. In general, for each putative neurotransmitter examined, immunostained fibers in both species progressively decreased in number rostrocaudally. Serotonin‐ and ENK‐immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the rat area postrema; in the cat area postrema only ENK‐immunoreactive cell bodies were present. The area postrema of both species lacked SP‐immunoreactive cell bodies. The heterogeneous distribution of immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies within the area postrema of the rat and cat may reflect the different functions of the area pos

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTerminals of the commissural projection in the cat were characterized ultrastructurally by autoradiograhic and horseradish peroxidase methods. The results of the two studies are complementary. Terminals of commissural cells are present in the intermediate and deep layers of the cat superior colliculus. Two distinct populations of terminals are present: one containing mostly round vesicles and forming asymmetric specializations, and a second containing mostly pleomorphic vesicles and forming symmetric specializations. Both populations contact small dendrites or dendritic appendages. The two populations, mostly round and mostly pleomorphic, are present in the ratio of 2:1. Terminals measure approximately 1.1 μm in mean diameter and contact profiles ranging in size from 0.2 to 4.6 μm. There is no significant difference between the two populations in either pre‐ or postsynaptic profile size. The colocalization of terminals of commissural neurons with other afferent and efferent projections of the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus is discus

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present work determines the numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculi of the S2 segment of the cat spinal cord. The major finding is that unmyelinated axons are almost as numerous as myelinated axons in these pathways. The myelinated axons tend to be distributed uniformly, although there is a slight concentration of these fibers in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus. By contrast, the unmyelinated fibers, although found in significant numbers in all parts of these funiculi, concentrate in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus and in the dorsal funiculus. Of particular note are the unmyelinated fibers in the dorsal funiculus, because it is highly likely that some of these are sensory. The findings in this study will serve as a basis for experimental studies to determine the numbers, locations, and types of unmyelinated fibers in the white matter of the mammalian cord.

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe dendritic architecture of the neurons of the visual pretectal nuclei in the rat was studied with the Golgi‐Cox method. The olivary pretectal nucleus (PO) is characterized by distinctive neurons with a gnarled, tufted, richly branched dendritic arbor forming a dense neuropil within the nucleus. The distinct dendritic morphology of the olivary pretectal neurons enables this nucleus to be identified at all levels of the pretectum in Golgi‐impregnated preparations. Rostromedially, the PO is surrounded by peripheral neurons whose dendrites wrap around the surface of the PO. The nucleus of the optic tract (NTO) contains three types of cells: (1) superficial horizontal cells whose dendrites extend out transversely; (2) large multipolar neurons whose dendrites spread out predominantly in a transverse plane, and (3) small to medium multipolar neurons with varying dendritic architecture. The posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) is composed predominantly of (1) multipolar cells with horizontally and vertically oriented dendrites extending out transverse to the optic axons; (2) piriform cells with dendrites extending dorsally toward the brachium; and (3) small multipolar neurons. The presence of superficial horizontal and large multipolar neurons in the NTO distinguishes the NTO from the PP in Golgi preparations. The horizontally oriented dendrites of many of the multipolar neurons in the PP give this nucleus an appearance distinct from that of the NTO. The differences in dendritic morphology between the visual pretectal nuclei in the rat permit identification of these nuclei at all levels within the pretectum. The boundaries of these nuclei, as determined in the Golgi‐Cox preparations, correlate quite well with the boundaries defined by studying retinal projections (Scalia and Arango,

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0092-7317    

DOI:10.1002/cne.902340101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY