摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper examines how British labour market policy has developed over the decade up to mid‐1986 and summarises the evidence available on the effects of the so‐called 'special employment measures'. Given the wide range of schemes and the variations in rules governing them as they evolved, no attempt is made to give details of the different schemes. The aims are to identify the main shifts in policy and to address the principal methodological and empirical issues which arise in attempting to evaluate policy.The main focus of the paper is on those measures which have been designed to increase employment without threatening the attempts by successive governments first to restrain the growth of public expenditure and then to reduce the level in real terms. The mainstream macroeconomic and labour market strategy continues to stress the need for fiscal and monetary restraint combined with much greater labour market flexibility.Whilst the paper is concerned withemploymentmeasures, the Youth Training Scheme is also included. It represents the biggest of all the programmes initiated during the last decade or so of policy intervention and is concerned with providing employment as well as training opportunit

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:One of the basic premises of this paper is that the loss of jobs in Spain is basically the reverse side of the specific characteristics of Spanish economic growth in the second half of the Franco years. The first section is dedicated to a general description of this period, and the second describes the loss of jobs which began in the mid‐Seventies, identifying the main sectors of the economy and examining the many reasons which explain the evolution of employment in each of them. The two following sections discuss the factors which explain the job loss: the third examines the permanent or 'structural’factors which may have had a negative effect on employment and discusses the extent to which they should be considered as given by the new situation and whether they can or should be altered while the fourth section examines the other, temporary factors, which have also had a negative effect on employment.The fifth section examines some of the supply side factors. Although these factors have had a relatively minor influence on unemployment, they cannot be overlooked when attempting to get a complete picture of the situation and particularly of the prospects of the Spanish labour market.The sixth and last section discusses how Spain's economic policy is responding to the problems examined in the earlier sections of this paper. Not every aspect of the economic policy can be examined in detail, and so the analysis is limited to a mention of the major objectives of the macroeconomic policy and then proceeds to examine the principal labour market policies, and those which are specifically aimed at solving the main problems identified earlier in the paper. Finally, a concluding section reviews and summarizes the main arguments and points out some policy implicati

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Wage indexing, which has been in operation in Italy since 1946, never gave rise to any perplexities for a long time, until the innovations introduced in 1975. At this point, numerous criticisms were raised by both politicians and economists, and following this, the system was modified, starting from 1986.In this article the author illustrates these modifications and redimensions the criticisms which he retains excessive. It was only during its first years of being applied, between 1976 and 1978, that there was a high level of indexation, and then it subsequently decreased.After various resistances and contestations, the decision to reduce the degree of indexation was also accepted by the trade unions, and thus it was possible to attenuate the inflation expectations, and bring inflation under control.

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This essay aims at presenting a quantitative assessment of the incidence of structural differences in output and employment composition, and of differential dynamics of the sectoral production and productivity, in order to explain the divergences in net employment growth in advanced market economies. The point of reference is the extremely divergent record, in terms of employment creation, of the United States on one hand, and Western European countries on the other. In the period 1973‐80, for example, although the average growth rates of GNP were, on a cyclical average, similar in the U. S. A. and the EEC areas as a whole, additional job openings were about 14 million in the USA against less than half a million in the EEC.A structural, medium‐run differential in the aggregate Employment/GNP elasticity appears to have characterized the performances of these economic systems. The 'source’of this differential are analyzed, utilizing a model of sectoral decomposition of employment and output trends. Simulation exercises are carried out, in order to assess the specific role of productivity, sectoral demand composition and sectoral employment composition, in determining the overall elasticity result. The comparative analysis takes into consideration the differential factors for the USA and Japan, together with the four major Western European countries (German Fed. Rep., France, Italy, and the United Kin

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The present work is divided into three parts. In the first part the (limited) empirical data relevant to the phenomenon in question is presented, that is, the growing illegality of Italian immigration and the illegal work that immigrants are destined to take up. Obviously the illegality of their presence and the íllicitness of the work are, by definition, phenomena which are difficult to quantify. Some estimates, albeit limited to certain regions, are nevertheless available and the picture that emerges is coherent with the present hypothesis. The hypothesis is then explained at a theoretical level, in the second part, where a simple model of general equilibrium is presented, referring to a two‐sector economy with a single good.The model has the sole aim of illustrating the plausible characteristics of an economy characterised by the phenomenon that this present paper attempts to clarify. In the third part, to give an example, a simulation is put forward, utilising, in the model, values not incoherent with estimates based on Italy as a who

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The high macro supply elasticity experienced by industrialised countries during the second post‐war boom is not explainable as the aggregate effect of current variations of companies’output in response to current variations of demand. A firm cannot adapt rapidly its output to higher demand unless it has decided fairly in advance to expand its productive capacity. Macro elasticity depends thus on the existence of ex ante excess capacity, built on the basis of expectations.The post‐war boom is thus explained in terms of a virtuous sequence expectations‐decisions‐events. This approach helps in understanding the inversion of the expansionary phase to one of stag‐flation, the failure of Keynesian policies and the subsequent industrial restructuring which gave rise to the present employment squeeze.Flexibility is something which depends on the relationships between individual expectations and decisions and their systemic results; the presently pursued micro‐flexibility is at high risk of producing increasing m

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00116.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The present paper, starting from a few theoretical reflections and examining some empirical evidence referring to the Italian context and to the Emilia‐Romagna region, suggests a more circumstantial approach, compared to that prevailing in the economic literature, to the analysis of reproduction of cognitive characteristics of human resources. Specification of upstream and downstream relationships with respect to demand for skills and supply of qualifications, and differentiation of segments comparable to commercial markets from segments comparable to industrial markets, allow us to outline an analysis framework within which human resources reproduction is the outcome of an unbalanced development proces

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00117.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY