摘要:

ABSTRACT:The aim of this paper is to supply a theoretical explanation for the persistence of the high unemployment rates found particularly in Europe. For this purpose, the authors briefly review the major contending theories presently available, but conclude that market clearing analyses of the business cycle are ill‐suited to the case under examination. In the second section of the paper the authors offer a non‐technical summary of the main results of the non‐market clearing approach to macroeconomics, and in the third section discuss the microeconomic underpinnings of models with unemployment equil

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Over the past several decades, all of the advanced industrial societies have experienced growing pressures on the institutions governing their industrial relations systems. In this paper, the authors analyze the changes in collective bargaining, and more generally, in the entire industrial relations system in the United States. This analysis also takes into consideration the environmental pressures that have produced these changes, and the measures taken by labour and management organizations to cope with them. Underlying this analysis is the central premise that sustaining and diffusing changes in industrial relations will be necessary to achieve a

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In this paper the author analyzes what has caused the marked increase in unemployment registered throughout the major industrialized countries over the past fifteen years. In particular, the relation between wages and employment is examined, along the lines of a Ricardian analysis. In recent times various rigidity factors in the labour market have rendered the absorption and reabsorption of unemployment more arduous. From this analytical basis, the author discusses the concept of the optimum degree of flexibility and outlines the measures to be taken if unemployment is to be beaten.

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In this paper the authors present the results of preliminary estimates on the effects of changes in the composition of labour forces throughout eight OECD countries during the period 1966‐1986. The analysis proceeds in two steps. First, the effect of changes in the distribution of the labour force on group unemployment is computed. Second, the impact of this effect is combined with the direct effect of changes in the distribution of participation on total unemployment rates, to calculate a hypothetical unemployment rate which corresponds to what would have occured had there been no compositional changes. The paper challenges the thesis which sustains that alterations in the age‐sex composition of the labour force have exerted an upward pressure on the aggregate unemployment r

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Two aspects distinguish theCassa Integrazione Guadagni(CIG) from most other European under or unemployment public benefit schemes: an institutionally fixed replacement ratio and a rotation principle imposing a labour‐sharing regime. Within a labour‐sharing approach, the comparison between the CIG unitary subsidy proportioned to the corresponding wage rate and the European standard fixed in nominal terms, shows that, ceteris paribus, employment is lower and profits are higher in the former system. Moreover, given the indexation provided by CIG, aggregate supply is vertical in this system while it is positively sloped in the other. Consequently, employment, real profits and real wages are constant in the former case, while they are positively correlated to the good quality of the states of nature in the latter. If the tax‐based financing of public benefits is not — as it is not in Italy — experience‐rated, the CIG regime induces moral hazard behaviours harmful to the State: it leads firms and unions to agree on relatively high wages, thus raising the value of both working and non‐working time. Without affecting the unions’average requests and the firms’profits, this attitude reduces employment and increases under or unemployment

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper develops some simple descriptive techniques for analysing the relation between firm size, employment growth and structural change, in the light of the current availability in several OECD countries of longitudinal data on business firms. The methods proposed seem to perform well in defining the borderline between statistical artifacts, and genuine tendencies of the job generation process, especially as far as the contribution of small and large firms to employment growth is concerned. Based on the application of the aforementioned methodology to data on establishments in Germany in the period 1977‐87, the study finds that:1)Changes in the scale of continuing establishments do not seem to contribute in the medium term to employment growth; net job creation (destruction) is mainly due to the pace of establishments entries (exits).2)Especially manufacturing units grow or decline in a way which is largely independent of the employment performance of the sector to which they belong, i. e., there is a fairly large degree of heterogeneity in the behaviour of establishments producing the same kind of goods.3)A large component of the observed positive employment performance of small business units is accounted for by statistical phenomena, such as the sample selection induced by exits from the population of business units, and the tendency of continuing establishments to regress to the mean size.4)The size of continuing establishments is relatively stable over time, and, contrary to common biological analogies on the life‐cycle of the firms, it seems to be more likely that an establishment starts out being large than that it starts out being small and gradually becomes la

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY