摘要:

Abstract.Over recent years, the European Community has experienced profound demographic changes which, to a large extent, have already determined its demographic future. One of the more significant consequences of demographic and social trends is a marked fragmentation of the family with people giving absolute priority to the individual dimension in their lives and in terms of society as a whole. Legal regulations and administrative practice have not totally–and not everywhere – adapted to the far‐reaching changes in the family so as to adequately protect the family and its weaker members in particular: children, the elderly, the disabled, people with mental and social illnesses, the poor. In this field, some measures will be proposed in this paper. The imbalances in demographic‐occupational growth in the Euro‐Mediterranean area–the area with which the EC is most directly in contact–are and will be of an exceptional amplitude, as has already been shown, to an extent never before experienced in the history of mankind. We must ask ourselves if this very strong differential pressure, which is also of a political and socio‐economic nature, will lead to steady and long‐lasting migratory flows. Some considerations regarding the future action and intervention of the E

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Earnings assimilation in Sweden is empirically addressed using a random sample of native Swedes and immigrants belonging to two different immigrant cohorts. The results show that the assimilation process differs for the two cohorts. Only the first cohort catches up with its native counterpart. These results also showed that the earnings of immigrants deteriorate with age faster than those. of native Swedes, after reaching a maximum level. This can happen because immigrants decrease their working hours faster than the native Swedes as they get older. Our results also suggest a different effect of the business cycle on the determination of earnings for immigrants and natives.

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The Statistical Commission of the United Nations will approve in 1993 a revised version of the System of National Accounts (SNA). According to a preliminary draft ‐ carried out jointly by experts of UN, EUROSTAT. OECD, IMF and the World Bank ‐ the SNA will maintain the main concepts, classifications and accounting framework: the SNA and the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) will converge. Some changes could enlarge the size of the GDP, above all the inclusion of software and some other nonmaterial assets in the capital formation. GDP could also encompass the value of the production of criminal business such as gambling, cigarette smuggling, drug trade and illegal entertainment. Balance sheets will be presented beside the accounts of production, income distribution and use, accumulation and finance. The accounting framework will be enlarged with satellite accounts to enlighten more deeply the environmental economy, the income distribution, the health service, the welfare state. By and large, the new System of National Accounts will continue to serve as a tool for measuring the economy's performa

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.This study examines the impact that Equal Employment Opportunity and affirmative action programs that were implemented in 1965 have had on the employment of women relative to that of men in the United States. Using time series data covering the period 1947‐1988. the results indicate that women in the 20‐54 age group benefitted in terms of greater stability of employment (i.e. less sensitivity to short‐run variations in employment) over the period 1965‐1980 while they lost some of these gains over the period 1981‐1988 (corresponding to the tenure of the Reagan Administration). Men in the same age group, on the other hand, experienced the opposite effect. That is. men in the 20‐54 age group became more sensitive to short‐run variations in employment over the period 1965‐1980 and less sensitive over the period 1981‐1988. The evidence also indicates that the EEO and affirmative action programs had the effect of increasing the share of projected employment of women in the 20‐24 age group and in the 55‐64 age. group while decreasing the share of projected employment of men in the

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Moving off from the lessons of the Italian incomes policy experience of the 1980s, this paper presents a new framework to interpret the performance of incomes policy (LP) agreements and institutions, and propose new strategies for the 1990s. IP is viewed as a cooperative outcome that evolves from a non‐cooperative long‐term game between several players (workers, unions, firms, government, parliament, etc.), along the lines of the model drawn up by Brunetta and Carraro (1988).The paper is divided into three sections. The first summarizes the history of IP in Italy, starting from the phase of the predetermination of disinflation (1983‐84). We firstly outline some of the fundamental features of recent Italian development (the “Italian model”), noting how new IP measures could be taken to create an adequate response to the new European and international deadlines. The difficulties and uncertainties that presently exist at both national and international level make the introduction of IP in new, cooperative and evolutive terms, necessary.The second section examines the various topics and new objectives of a “strategic” IP resumption, particularly relevant to the concerted action on the cost of labour, presently being discussed. The topics we consider are: the link between wage reform and IP; the recent concerted agreements reached on fiscal drag (26.1.89) and on the cost of labour (25.1 and 6.7.90); the importance of the role of productivity gain‐sharing; programmed inflation and price control; indexation of gross wages and safeguarding the net wage; increase of the tax base; profit‐sharing.The third and final section presents a few observations which further investigate the distribution of productivity gains between sectors and uses: how it is articulated amongst the various bargaining levels (central, sectoral or enterprise). Redistribution amongst sectors is dealt with in terms of “protected” and “unprotected” areas of the economy, showing the need of a concerted regulation at the central level. Sharing between factors and allocations presents a very different case, and is dealt with a

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Moving off from the lessons of the Italian incomes policy experience of the 1980s, this paper presents a new framework to interpret the performance of incomes policy (LP) agreements and institutions, and propose new strategies for the 1990s. IP is viewed as a cooperative outcome that evolves from a non‐cooperative long‐term game between several players (workers, unions, firms, government, parliament, etc.), along the lines of the model drawn up by Brunetta and Carraro (1988).The paper is divided into three sections. The first summarizes the history of IP in Italy, starting from the phase of the predetermination of disinflation (1983‐84). We firstly outline some of the fundamental features of recent Italian development (the “Italian model”), noting how new IP measures could be taken to create an adequate response to the new European and international deadlines. The difficulties and uncertainties that presently exist at both national and international level make the introduction of IP in new, cooperative and evolutive terms, necessary.The second section examines the various topics and new objectives of a “strategic” IP resumption, particularly relevant to the concerted action on the cost of labour, presently being discussed. The topics we consider are: the link between wage reform and IP; the recent concerted agreements reached on fiscal drag (26.1.89) and on the cost of labour (25.1 and 6.7.90); the importance of the role of productivity gain‐sharing; programmed inflation and price control; indexation of gross wages and safeguarding the net wage; increase of the tax base; profit‐sharing.The third and final section presents a few observations which further investigate the distribution of productivity gains between sectors and uses: how it is articulated amongst the various bargaining levels (central, sectoral or enterprise). Redistribution amongst sectors is dealt with in terms of “protected” and “unprotected” areas of the economy, showing the need of a concerted regulation at the central level. Sharing between factors and allocations presents a very different case, and is dealt with a

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.This paper analyzes the demographic characteristics of unemployment in Spain using individual household data. Binary‐logit models are estimated for three microdata sets at different periods of time, in order to detect possible compositional changes in unemployment over time. The results indicate that characteristics such as age, education level and marital status are relevant to explain differences in unemployment. The fact that the male and female models turn out to be very similar may be due to hidden female unemployment. The estimated models are used to predict unemployment probabilities as a function of individual characteristic

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.There are two economic reasons for supporting the Internal Market Programme of the EC by social policies: the fust argument refers to welfare theory, the second to policies of distribution. First, it could be possible that an economic integration without social completion will lead to welfare losses. Therefore, it could be necessary to correct market forces or to support them respectively because, due to market imperfections, they do not provide the best possible use of productive facilities. Second, it cannot be excluded that level and structure of social provisions will not be accepted because of superior aspects of policies of distribution. Market results could miss the aim of adjusting life and working conditions within the EC and developing them further. These two arguments mentioned above should be followed up in the discussion of the pros and cons of a harmonization of social systems in the EC.For the purposes of this paper these. rather fundamental considerations are applied to the following concrete items: dismissal protection, non‐standard forms of employment, and working hours. These regulations influence numerical flexibility of enterprises, i.e. the possibilities of quantitative adjustments in staff use. The steadily growing competition in Europe will also increase the importance of flexibility potentials of enterprises in the different countries as a relevant factor for enterprise location. Extensive flexibility restrictions could prove to be competitive disadvantage in view of countries with more possibilities of flexibilization.Therefore, after the comparison of flexibility potentials in the EC‐countries the implications for European laws (key‐word: Social Charter) are to be disc

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY