摘要:

ABSTRACT:In this paper, the author outlines the Swedish employment situation and traces the history of the labour market policy it generated, from its earliest development at the turn of the century, through to the Rehn‐Meidner model, and then examines the various reactions and criticisms against it. It goes on to look at the trends and developments of the labour market in the‘80s, and concludes by making a speculative analysis on if and how the labour market policy has had an effect on the participation of various sectors of the population in the labour force, and if it has influenced unemployment in the Swedish labour mar

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper describes how German labour policy, both employment policy and active labour market policies, has developed between 1974 and 1987. Government intervention for full employment in a welfare state, a cooperative system of industrial relations, an active labour market policy, and a comparatively efficient system of vocational and adult education did not prevent the loss of full employment in 1974. But persistent labour market slack until today has not fundamentally changed the climate of relative political and social calm.The basic concepts, programmes and specific measures of labour policies pursued in the FRG are surveyed with special reference to their costs and effects on employment and the structure of unemployment. The challenges to labour policy stem from three complete business cycles around a slightly falling trend in employment and the bad prospectives of the German labour market until the year 2000. Four major measures of labour market policy now reduce registered unemployment by about 400,000 in the mid 1980s. Total costs of unemployment amounting to 57 billion DM per year offer financial alternatives to create jobs and to reduce working hours.Finally, actual proposals under discussion in Germany are examined in order to combat unemployment in a determined commitment to full employment immediately.

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00119.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this article is to offer some clarification on developments in a number of European countries in the postwar period. The crux of the analysis are the relations between the huge, functional interest‐group organizations and the political system and government, and in particular the trade unions. The intent is firstly to overcome the uncertain and often indistinct use of the concepts of political exchange and corporatism, then to offer an explanatory framework in which these modes, which have prevailed in Capitalist countries, can be grouped under the model ofpolitical exchange, in so much as the trade unions’representation of interest groups is affected by the factors and political advantages at stake. It then clariries the essential connotations of this model, which can be considered asconstantscompared to thevariantswithin it, and also deals with the two types of political exchange predominant in the period and countries surveyed, namelypluralistandcor‐poratistvariants. Finally the author stresses the need for empirical studies in postwar Europe, to check the acceptability and realism of the model used and test the validity of the theses here outlined, that is, that there are several variants — or strategies — of political exchange between trade unions and the governments and politic

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper attempts to describe past experience on the occupational structure and employment in order to better understand what has happened both in major developed countries and in different parts of Italy over the last 20 years. After a brief resumi of other studies on this subject, the occupational structure of the major OECD countries and of the Italian province is examined.The results of a discriminant analysis carried out indicate that the polarization theory can be considered valid only for industry, but not for the entire economy. Some traditional occupations result as having a positive link with employment development, whereas high‐tech occupations are not significant, or have a negative sig

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Longitudinal analysis of labour flows provides a number of important indications on the characteristics of job creation and job destruction in the Italian economy, and on the role played by small firms in this process. The main indications may be summarized as follows:1)the ratio of total separations to total work‐force is remarkably high, and almost completely independent of the business cycle: one out of four workers leaves his/her position each year in the economy at large. In the small firms sector alone turnover is much higher, with total separations almost approaching 50|X% of employment;2)as the economy takes a downturn, it is mainly the number of jobs created through expansion of existing firms that follows this cycle, while separations remain roughly constant;3)the proportion of jobs created via the establishment of new firms is modest compared to that attributable to the expansion of existing plants (16.0‐14.491)). Likewise, the proportion of job losses due to closures visi vis employment shedding by contracting firms, is of the same order of magnitude;4)job creation and destruction is very high in the small firm sector. Employment in firms of dimension (0‐19) is 25.8 % of total employment at the beginning of the observation period (1978) and reaches 28% at its end (1984). Yet the proportion of job creation attributable to small firms is approximately 60% of the new positions due to expansion of existing firms in manufacturing, and 68% in the services. The fraction of jobs destroyed by small firms is somewhat lower: about 46% in manufacturing and 59% in the services;5)he small firms contribution to net job creation appears even more remarkable both in the aggregate, as well as within all sectors of economic activity and geographical areas.In 1978‐80 net employment change in manufacturing is 106,000 units per year; correspondingly net job creation by firms (0‐19) is alone 222,000. In the services the proportion between net employment change and the share of the small firms is 1:3.In 1981‐83, while in manufacturing over 213,000 jobs are destroyed on average each year, net creation by small firms is still positive (+ 48,000); in the services the overall change is very small (+ 3,000), while the net contribution of small firms

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In the aim to investigate the behaviour of some indicators for the industrial conflict and to detect the relation between such variables and the cost of labour in Italy, this paper suggests the use of Box‐Jenkins’time series analysis. By fitting a different stochastic process for each series, it can be shown that every indicator gives a different kind of information about the industrial conflict, so that they can't be indifferently substituted by each other. In a second step, cross correlation function estimates between cost of labour and each indicator suggest the different role played by 'strike frequency’and strike duration during any contract re

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:ln this paper an attempt is made to determine whether observed patterns of intertemporal variability in a number of Italian labour market characteristics are consistent with the predictions forthcoming from three prominent models of aggregate labour market behaviour. The behavioral models included in the analysis are: a) intertemporal substitution labour supply, b) staggered wage contracts, and c) intertemporal labour demand with adjustment costs. The empirical results provide relatively more support for the validity of the adjustment cost model.

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The general revision of Italy's national economic accounts set out by ISTAT in 1987 was originated by two main factors: the structural changes of the economy detected by the 1981‐82 censuses and through surveys on labour force, the internal offer and demand as a whole, and the need to include the typical activities of the underground economy widespread in Italy into the national accounts.The GDP has been adjusted partly according to the improvement of normal statistical sources in collecting data on the production and circulation of goods and services, especially those deriving from small establishments, and partly from statistical research covering the contributions of activities of clandestine immigrants in Italy, second jobs and minor legal activities in the underground economy.Finally, a breakdown of value added by type of economy (the regular and the parallel) is presented. The presumed extent of the parallel economy is estimated for the year 1982 up to 19‐20|X% of

ISSN:1121-7081    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.1987.tb00125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY