摘要:

AbstractInfant crying signals distress to potential caretakers who can alleviate the aversive conditions that gave rise to the cry. The cry signal results from coordination among several brain regions that control respiration and vocal cord vibration from which the cry sounds are produced. Previous work has shown a relationship between acoustic characteristics of the cry and diagnoses related to neurological damage, SIDS, prematurity, medical conditions, and substance exposure during pregnancy. Thus, assessment of infant cry provides a window into the neurological and medical status of the infant. Assessment of infant cry is brief and noninvasive and requires recording equipment and a standardized stimulus to elicit a pain cry. The typical protocol involves 30 seconds of crying from a single application of the stimulus. The recorded cry is submitted to an automated computer analysis system that digitizes the cry and either presents a digital spectrogram of the cry or calculates measures of cry characteristics. The most common interpretation of cry measures is based on deviations from typical cry characteristics. Another approach evaluates the pattern across cry characteristics suggesting erarousal or underarousal or difficult temperament. Infants with abnormal cries should be referred for a full neurological evaluation. The second function of crying—to elicit caretaking—involves parent perception of the infant's needs. Typically, parents are sensitive to deviations in cry characteristics, but their perception can be altered by factors in themselves (e.g., depression) or in the context (e.g., culture). The potential for cry assessment is largely untapped. Infant crying and parental response is the first language of the new dyadic relationship. Deviations in the signal and/or misunderstanding the message can compromise infant care, parental effectiveness, and undermine the budding relationship. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20050

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior (APIB) is a newborn neurobehavioral assessment appropriate for preterm, at risk, and full‐term newborns, from birth to 1 month after expected due date. The APIB is based in ethological–evolutionary thought and focuses on the assessment of mutually interacting behavioral subsystems in simultaneous interaction with the environment. The subsystems of functioning assessed include the autonomic (respiration, digestion, color), motor (tone, movement, postures), state organization (range, robustness, transition patterns), attention (robustness, transitions), and self‐regulation (effort, success) systems as well as the degree of facilitation required to support reorganization and subsystem balance. The environment is represented by a sequence of distal, proximal, tactile, and vestibular challenges, derived from the BNBAS. The APIB conceptualizes infant competence as the degree of differentiation of subsystem function and degree of modulation of subsystem balance at any stage in infant development. Infants are understood as actively seeking their next differentiation, while counting on good enough environments to assure progressing developmental competence. In the case of interference such as premature birth, the mismatch of expectation and actual experience causes misalignment, which may become developmentally costly. The assessment is a finely tuned dialogue between examiner and infant, which requires training, skill and self‐knowledge. The APIB has well established inter‐rater‐reliability, concurrent and construct validity, and is clinically relevant for behavioral intervention and individually appropriate and supportive care. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20053

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the twentieth century, study of the neurologic development of the fetus and infant has resulted in multiple neurodevelopmental assessments. They have been used both for determination of the integrity of the neonate as well as for assessment of the child's outcome from prenatal and neonatal medical interventions. These models of assessment have broadened our view and understanding of the development of functions such as movement, posture, attention, oromotor skills, and behavior. The link between these areas and the traditional areas of neurologic and psychiatric examination of older children and adults is explored through discussion of the maturation of movement, cranial nerve function, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral responses. Gaps in knowledge remain about the relationship between early neurodevelopmental assessments and later findings. A single unified means of examining the infant is also lacking. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:103

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20057

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2005

数据来源: WILEY