摘要:

AbstractEpidemiological studies have consistently reported a significant association between poverty and the prevalence of intellectual disabilities. The available evidence suggests that this association reflects two distinct processes. First, poverty causes intellectual disabilities, an effect mediated through the association between poverty and exposure to a range of environmental and psychosocial hazards. Second, families supporting a child with intellectual disabilities and adults with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk of experiencing poverty due to the financial and social impact of caring and the exclusion of people with intellectual disabilities from the workforce. It is likely that the association between poverty and intellectual disabilities accounts in part for the health and social inequalities experienced by people with intellectual disabilities and their families. Implications for policy and practice are discussed in relation to the funding of services for people with intellectual disabilities and preventative approaches to addressing the health and social inequalities experienced by people with intellectual disabilities and their families. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:107

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20144

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe article reviews the federal statutes and relevant decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court that constitute the core concepts of disability policy and their application to persons with disabilities (especially developmental disabilities) and their families. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:114

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20145

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent scientific discoveries have made it much easier to test prenatally for various genetic disabilities, such as Down syndrome. However, while many observers have heralded such “advances” for their effectiveness in detecting certain conditions, others have argued that they perpetuate discrimination by preventing the birth of children with disabilities. This article examines the ethical and social implications of the Human Genome Project for individuals with intellectual disabilities and their families. It details the critique of prenatal testing articulated by many disability rights activists as well as scholarly and professional responses to that critique. A review of the pertinent research literature includes perspectives of genetic professionals, ethicists, disability studies scholars, parents of children with disabilities, and disabled individuals themselves. Finally, the article explores how future research endeavors, policies, and practices may more effectively integrate and respect the positions of these various stakeholders. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:1

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20146

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper explores issues and implications for diagnosis and treatment, stemming from the growing number of children identified with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Recent developments and innovations in special education and Medicaid programs are emphasized. Eligibility determination policies, innovations in diagnostic practices, the cost and financing of assessment, variability among programs in diagnostic criteria, and racial/ethnic disparities in the timing of diagnosis all influence the capacity of service systems to provide diagnoses in a timely, coordinated, accurate, economical, and equitable manner. There are several barriers to the more widespread provision of intensive intervention for children with ASDs, including lack of strong evidence of effectiveness in scaled‐up public programs, uncertainty about the extent of obligations to provide services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, high cost of intervention, and variability among states in their willingness to fund intensive intervention via Medicaid. Innovative policy experiments with respect to financing intensive intervention through schools and Medicaid are being conducted in a number of states. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:129

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20143

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis review examines later life family support for adults with developmental disabilities from a life course perspective that takes into account social trends and changes in service patterns and in attitudes of families. Key issues addressed include: (1) trends affecting family caregiving, (2) health and social outcomes of life‐long caregiving, (3) support needs of families, (4) family support policies and practices, and (5) recommendations for a research and policy agenda. Research examining outcomes of life‐long caregiving has shown that most families adapt well to having a family member with disabilities. However, some families are at risk for poorer physical and mental health outcomes. These include cultural minorities and families of adults with behavioral challenges. Caregiving does seem to have a negative impact on maternal employment and family income as mothers often give up or cut back on employment to care for a child with developmental disabilities, who is more likely to continue living in the family home throughout adulthood than other adult children. Federal and state initiatives are addressing issues of family support through both the developmental disabilities and aging service systems. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:1

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20138

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a review of current research and the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation, this paper focuses on two specific issues: (a) how students with developmental disabilities show adequate yearly progress, including a description of the assessments in which this population may participate, and (b) the policy issues surrounding NCLB including technical requirements of alternate assessments, alignment of content standards, assessments, and instruction, the requirement of all teachers to be highly qualified, and the relationship between NCLB and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004). Areas for future research are identified through a review of relevant literature. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:143

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20147

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews the current and changing status of residential supports for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD). It examines four major trends in those supports: (1) Decreasing use of larger institutions and increasing use of community housing; (2) Decreasing size among community settings; (3) Increasing numbers of people living in homes that they themselves own or rent; and (4) Decreasing out‐of‐home placements of children and youth. Within each trend the article provides a statistical description of the trend, its foundation in public policy, reviews the evidence of the trend's benefit to people with ID/DD, and identifies future challenges in sustaining the trend. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:1

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20148

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article extracts principles from two Surgeon General reports,Closing the Gap: A National Blueprint to Improve the Health of Persons with Mental Retardation(2002) andCall to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities(2005), and combines them with the Objectives fromChapter 6 of Healthy People 2010to create a policy framework. This framework is used to review literature from the past decade on access to health care and health promotion for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Review of the literature indicates an emerging evidence base for health promotion programs for persons with IDD. Research in health care and health promotion access requires improvements in surveillance and measurement of quality of life, as well as increased participation of persons with IDD and their families in its implementation. While international guidelines for primary health care have been developed for people with IDD, US guidelines are specialty focused and address specific conditions. Despite its recognized importance, there is surprisingly little information on training programs for health care providers to improve care of persons with IDD. Financing of health care continues to threaten access to comprehensive care for persons with IDD, particularly regarding coordination of care and availability of providers who accept Medicaid patients. Community‐based sources of health care have been slow to emerge, and there is clear need for assumption of responsibility for providing care to persons with IDD. Future US policy should include consideration of environmental factors in health care access. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:160

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20149

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPublic financial support for intellectual disability in the United States grew from 2.3 billion in 1955 to 82.6 billion in 2004, and the federal government emerged during this period as the principal provider of such support. Notwithstanding this unprecedented growth in financial support, many inequities persist today in the distribution of financial resources and services across states, communities, families and to individual disabled consumers. Moreover, tens of thousands of persons with intellectual disabilities continue to live in institutions and nursing homes, waiting lists and aging caregivers are growing rapidly, and family support and supported employment programs receive limited funding. Research and training support has declined significantly in comparison to the growing financial commitments for services and income maintenance. To address these and other issues, the author suggests commissioning a new “President's Panel on Intellectual Disability” modeled on President Kennedy's landmark 1961 Panel on Mental Retardation. The new panel would be appointed during the first months of the new presidential administration in 2009 and deliver its report to the President in 2011, commemorating the 50thanniversary of the original President's Panel. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:1

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20150

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDifficulties in finding, keeping, and ensuring the competence of the direct support workforce in community developmental disability services has long been a challenge for individuals, families, providers, and policy makers. Direct support staff recruitment, retention, and competence are widely reported as one of the most significant barriers to the sustainability, growth, and quality of community services for people with developmental disabilities (ANCOR [2001] State of the states report. Alexandria, VA: ANCOR; Colorado Department of Human Services, [2000]Response to Footnote 106 of the FY 2001 appropriations long bill: Capacity of the community services systems for persons with developmental disabilities in Colorado; Hewitt [2000] Dynamics of the workforce crisis. Presentation at the NASDDDS Fall meeting. Alexandria, VA). While long in existence, these challenges are ones of growing concern because the number of people demanding community services is increasing and the population of people from which to recruit workers is declining (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation [2006]The supply of direct support professionals serving individuals with intellectual disabilities and other developmental disabilities: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Office of Disability, Aging and Long‐Term Care Policy, ASPE, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). As the service system moves towards consumer direction, managed care, and more noncategorical service delivery systems, the difficulties of providing for an adequate and well‐prepared workforce to support people with developmental disabilities becomes more complex and multifaceted. The solutions to those challenges are also more complex. This article reviews the literature regarding the complexity of the direct support workforce crisis, the effects of this crisis on various stakeholder groups, promising practices designed to address the challenges, and the related practice and policy implications. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:1

ISSN:1080-4013    

DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20151

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:2007

数据来源: WILEY