摘要:

In this paper, we examine salient properties of control in stressing situations; the degree of control varies with the number of alternatives available to an individual within a situation. Simulated conditions of control indicate that as alternatives become more available, so does potential reduction of the probability that aversive events will occur. The simulations indicate, further, that realizing this potential rests on predictive judgements surrounding the alternatives; such judgements represent ‘cognitive demands’ which are regarded as stressing in their own right. After being demonstrated quantitatively, the inverse relation between aversive‐event probability and requisite predictive judgements is examined empirically. Mathematical models of preference and choice are then used to identify implications of the inverse relation for the relative ‘appeal’ held by alternate conditions of control. Both strengths and limitations of the current formulation and its supporting evidence are noted. Finally, the present type of control regarding stressing events is compared to other types, followed by discussion of their respect

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00894.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Suppose performance on a task is facilitated by the recessive form of an X‐linked gene in two alleles. Let the gene action be modelled by a random variableB. Let other sources of influence be modelled by a random variableNat least uncorrelated withB. Assume observations are made on a random variableW=B + N. A variety of implications of models of this form suggest many simple tests in data, several of which are apparently unfamiliar. Bivariate, univariate, discrete and continuous versions of the model are considere

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00895.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The structure of the covariance matrix of sample covariances under the class of linear latent variate models is derived using properties of cumulants. This is employed to provide a general framework for robustness of statistical inference in the analysis of covariance structures arising from linear latent variate models. Conditions for normal theory estimators and test statistics to retain each of their usual asymptotic properties under non‐normality of latent variates are given. Factor analysis, LISREL and other models are discussed as example

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00896.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The much‐discussed prevailing failure of a moment decomposition Mzz= AM0A to identify just one factor tupleFsuch that Z = AF and MFF= M0is only one of many ways in which a selected fragment of a complete factor solution generally specifies the solution's remainder only imperfectly. Precise ranges are worked out here for the main varieties of such indeterminacies, together with the special conditions, if any, under which they shrink to unique determination

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A method is presented which allows correlation coefficients to be corrected for restriction of range when only the proportion of the population selected is known. The method assumes that the population distribution is normal and that selection has resulted in single truncation. A table is given which provides the ratio of the population and sample standard deviations, the truncation point, and the ordinate inN(0, 1), corresponding to the proportion of the population selected. Correlations can be corrected for the effects of direct or indirect selection by substitution of tabled values in traditional correction formulae. Further, the population mean or standard deviation can be estimated if the censored sample mean or standard deviation is known.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00898.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Analysis of the chi‐squared statistic for contingency tables is basic to all branches of science and social science. Rejection of a null hypothesis of no association, especially for large samples, provides little information about the table being studied. Methods, developed by Diaconis&Efron (1985), for interpreting a chi‐squared statistic with regard to its power against a family of alternative distributions arc discussed and illustrated. Higher power is not necessarily implied by higher values for the observed chi‐squared. Power is a function of the computed chi‐squared, the sample size, the row and column marginal totals and the particular alternative hypothesis under consideration. Intermediate models, the relation of one‐way analysis of variance to the random effects model, and the concept of effective sample size are elaborated in the context of actual tables from the literature. Diagnostics for protrusion effects and the topic of granularity are discussed and studied gr

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00899.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thettest of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient for the null hypothesis that the population correlation, ρ, is zero, is very robust to violations of normality as long as the variables are independent. This conclusion is based on the results of simulation studies. But to reach this general conclusion, no simulation studies arc needed. It is a consequence of the virtual coincidence of the permutation distribution ofrwith the normal‐theory distribution. This implies that the test is also robust in most of the cases not examined by simulation studies, as long as the variables are independent. Only some predictable and extreme situations can give problems. Simulation studies should be directed to these situations to gain further insight in the robustness of thettest. This has not been done and much effort is misdirected on the simulation studies. When the variables are non‐independent it might be expected that the test is non‐robust. Also in this case simulation studies are useful to gain insight in the robustness of th

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00900.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new approach is presented for the meta‐analysis of data from pre‐test‐post‐test designs. With this approach, data from studies using different designs may be compared directly and studies without control groups need not be omitted. The approach is based on a ‘standardized mean‐change’ measure, computed for each sample within a study, and involves analysis of the standardized mean changes and differences in the standardized mean changes. Analyses are illustrated using results of studies of the effectiveness of mental practice on motor‐sk

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00901.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Sensory Analysis.ByDonald Laming.Randomised Response: Theory and Techniques.ByArijit Chaudhuri&Rahul Mukerjee.How Many Subjects? Statistical Power Analysis in Research.ByHelena Chmura Kraemer&Sue Thiemann.Problems of Representation in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics.Edited byClaude Janvier.Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge: The Case of Mathematics.Edited byJames Hiebert.Cognitive Science and Mathematics Education.Edited byAlan Schoenfeld.Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide.ByPaul Martin&Patrick Bateson.Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis.ByRoger Bakeman&John M. Gottman.Ethnostatistics: Qualitative Foundations for Quantitative Research (Qualitative Research Methods Series No. 12).ByR. P. Gephart.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00902.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY