摘要:

This paper describes a scaling model which is based on Goodman's concept of quasi‐independence and which can be used to test ana prioriorder hypothesis for dichotomous or rank order data. The order hypothesis may be unidimensional or multidimensional. Methods based on the model provide a means of investigating Guttman scales, Thurstone scales, developmental stage sequences, first‐in‐first‐out developmental sequences and Coombs' unfolding theory for preferences. The methods are designed to assess whether or not there are dependencies among a set of response variables which go beyond those imposed by the experimental task and, if so, whether or not those dependencies can be accounted for by the hypothesized orderings of the variables. The methods are unique in that they are applicable to both ipsative and non‐ipsa

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Theory testing with multidimensional scaling models requires the ability to specify models with functional relations among parameters, to estimate the parameters of such models, and to compare the resulting models to models without functional constraints. The non‐linear optimization theory relevant to general multidimensional scaling models with functional relations is developed via first‐order necessary conditions. A Gauss‐Newton based algorithm is developed to implement the theory. The specific case of constraints to yield a circular configuration in the linear Euclidian distance model is studied in detail, and it is applied to some classical colour

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Zeemanet al.(1976) proposed a model of the escalation of disorder in a prison and the subsequent riot. The theoretical foundation of this model was an analogy with Lorentz's (1963) study of the behaviour of a cornered and threatened dog and was couched in terms of catastrophe theory (Isnard&Zeeman, 1975). The escalation to a riot in Gartree in 1972 illustrated the uses of their model.Since 1975 there have been two more riots, one in Hull in 1976 and one in Gartree in 1978. In the light of these riots Zeeman's model is reformulated using a utility or pay‐off approach. By adjusting his model in this way we found a more efficient method of monitoring disturbances. The changes in the monitored variables over the time preceding each of these three riots are discussed and conclusions drawn from the new mode

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To facilitate applications of a model for the analysis of covariance structures, some useful matrix identities and reparametorizations are given. Examples are given to illustrate the applicability of the model to longitudinal data, to treatments of ordered variables and to fitting the Rasch model for binary data.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

McDonald's (1970) generalization of Tucker's (1958) inter‐battery factor analysis model to multiple batteries is considered. The identification of parameters is examined and an iterative algorithm for obtaining maximum‐likelihood estimates is provided. Consideration of the relationship between inter‐battery factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis in the case of two batteries suggests a generalization of canonical coefficients to the situation where there are several batteries. Examples of the application of the procedure are

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Schönemann&Steiger (1976, Theorem 5) proved that the common factor model fits a given set of observed variables if and only if a restricted regression component model fits the same variables. In the present paper a number of results, relating factor score estimates and the class of all sets of ‘factor‐equivalent’ regression components, are presented. These results clarify and extend a result given by McDonald

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Problems and procedures in assessing and obtaining fit of data to the Rasch model are treated in the paper. The assumptions embodied in the model are made explicit and it is concluded that statistical tests are needed which are sensitive to deviations such that more than one item parameter would be needed for each item, and such that more than one person parameter would be needed for each person. Statistical goodness‐of‐fit tests, based on the conditional maximum‐likelihood estimates of the item parameters, which can detect these two kinds of deviation are presented. Common sources of deviation are also identified, as are the tests needed to detect them. Problems in the use of statistical tests to assess fit are discussed and some investigations of power are presented. In relation to a distinction between use of the Rasch model as a criterion and as an instrument the treatment of the goodness‐of‐fit problem in different measurement contexts is discussed. Finally it is concluded that items which can be identified as misfitting should not be routinely excluded to obtain fit to the model; instead other actions should often be taken such as grouping of the items into homogeneou

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00609.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that latent trait models used in the analysis of test scores, in particular the Rasch model, suffer from serious defects. They assume implicitly a measurement scale model for which little substantive justification seems to be available and they make the assumption of ‘local independence’ which enjoys little empirical support. Perhaps their most serious drawback, which is illustrated with the fixed effects' Rasch model, is that the individual ability estimates obtained are always biased. This bias is not constant but depends upon an individual's true ability, the number of items in the test and their difficulty values. Moreover, there is no way to obtain an unbiased estimate in the typical case when only one administration of a test is given to individuals. This result suggests that the use of such models needs to be critically examined, especially in connection with so‐called ‘item banks’. The paper also discusses the dimensionality of the latent space, and shows how multidimensional models may be

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00610.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model is developed for movement by members of a group when this movement is random but is affected by a preference for a particular region of the space occupied by the group. Asymptotic distributions are derived from a continuous‐time Markovian model for the case in which a group member may move to any unoccupied location in one jump, and a method for estimating the degree of attraction of the preferred region is given. Such a group is described as ‘fluid’. A viscous' group is defined as one in which interchanges take place one step at a time. Movement in such groups was simulated on a computer and some results are given, including the apparently paradoxical finding that an approach tendency will be more strongly evident at asymptote if access to the preferred region is difficult than if it is

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00611.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1980.tb00612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY