摘要:

This study examined visual information processing under a stressor of recurring loud sound among groups divided according to psychometrically identified stress susceptibility. Formal models of task performance were employed to address several issues concerning stress effects on cognitive functioning. Examined were effects on parallel versus serial processing structure, task‐wise processing capacity, strategies of allocating processing resources to task components, and curtailment of processing of relevant task elements. Contrary to prediction, stressor presence generated slightly more rather than less evidence of a parallel versus serial processing structure. There was some suggestion of central‐task capacity depletion among more susceptible subjects, in line with certain theoretical positions. Evidence of curtailed exhaustive processing of relevant stimulus items was negative. Most notable was the disruption by stress among susceptible subjects of performance‐enhancing strategies of deploying processing resources across the different task components (elements of the visual display and within‐trial stages of processing). Such effects have received relatively little attention in this research domain; their investigation is shown to be made tractable, however, through the application of selected formal models of information pro

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One problem with trace strength models of recognition is that they typically confound the recency of a stimulus with its frequency of occurrence (familiarity). This paper proposes a trace strength model that allows computation of relatively independent measures of recency and familiarity. It closes with some speculations on the possible roles of context and interference in this type of system.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Estimated asymptotic variances for the estimates of the parameters in a logit‐probit model for binary response data are unreliable for moderate sized samples. We show how bootstrapping gives a better idea of the sampling distribution of the estimators, and can also allow an assessment of the reliability of the scoring of individuals on the latent scal

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The application of multinomial models to describe psychological data usually involves small sample sizes. In these circumstances, the asymptotic properties of the parameter estimation method and goodness‐of‐fit statistics designed for use with multinomial models may not hold up. This paper illustrates the design of a simulation study that will allow researchers and practitioners to determine which of the available estimation methods and goodness‐of‐fit statistics for multinomial models has better finite‐sample properties for the model and sample size of concern. All of the estimation methods and goodness‐of‐fit statistics considered are members of the family of power divergence measures defined by Cressie&Read (1984), which include maximum likelihood and minimum chi‐square among other estimation methods. Criteria for comparing the methods and statistics include the accuracy of the estimates and the closeness of the asymptotic significance levels of the statistics to their exact finite‐sample levels. A number of simulations are carried out in order to investigate these properties for different models and sample sizes. In addition to illustrating the procedure for carrying out the comparison, the results found along the way indicate that the optimal choices are not always the maximum likelihood estimation method and the log‐likelih

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some limitations in existing covariance structure models for multitrait multimethod (MTMM) data are discussed as an introduction to a re‐parameterization of the restricted factor analysis model. Unlike existing specifications of this model, the reparameterized model is consistent with Campbell&Fiske's underlying rationale for the MTMM design. It accommodates multiplicative as well as additive relationships in MTMM matrices and provides information concerning the extent to which any matrix conforms to Campbell&Fiske's (1959) four requirements for convergent and discriminant validity. It can also indicate the degree of trait variance in measures that is independent of method effects. Emphasis is placed on the specification of factor correlation matrices which accords with the hypothesized relationships among both traits and methods in an MTMM study. These suggestions are demonstrated by an application of the reparameterized model to an exemplar MTMM matrix which restricted factor analysis has previously found difficult in providing an interpretable solutio

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two estimators in the factor analysis of categorical items are studied, the weighted least squares function implemented in the tandem PRELIS‐LISREL 7 and a generalized least squares function implemented in LISCOMP. Of main interest is the performance of these estimators in relatively small samples (200 to 400) and the comparison of their performance with the normal theory maximum likelihood estimator given an increasing number of response categories. The evaluation of the performance of these estimators concerns the variability of the parameter estimates, the bias of the parameter estimates, the distribution of the parameter estimates and the χ2goodness‐of‐fit statistics. The model used in the simulation is an 8‐indicator single common factor model. The effect of model size (12‐ and 16‐indicator models) on the categorical item estimator of LISREL 7 is investigated briefly.The results indicate that in the ideal circumstances of the simulation study, 200 is too small a sample size to justify the use of large sample statistics associated with thes

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined three simple transformations which increase the power ofFtests of main effects and interaction in 2 × 2 factorial designs under violation of normality. The study obtained Monte Carlo results from various heavy‐tailed densities, including mixed‐normal, exponential, Cauchy and Laplace densities, which are associated with grossly distorted probabilities of Type I and Type II errors. Transformation of scores to ranks made theFtest for interaction robust and comparable in power to the Mann—Whitney‐Wilcoxon test for the same distributions. Transformation to ‘modular ranks’, having one‐fourth the number of values of conventional ranks, was equally effective. Detection and downweighting of outliers before performing the F test was more effective than rank methods for several distributions. Implications of these findings for the role of scales of measurement and nonparametric methods in psychological research

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study considered the problem of performing all pairwise comparisons of column means for an additive non‐orthogonal two‐by‐four factorial ANOVA model where cell variances were heterogeneous. Extensions of the Games&Howell (1976) procedure, the Dunnett (1980) T3 and C procedures, the Holland&Copenhaver (1987) technique, the Hayter (1986) procedure, and the James (1951) second‐order test were considered. Using computer‐simulated data, Type I error rates and statistical power for these multiple comparison procedures were estimated. Examined in this study were 132 different combinations of sample size, variance patterns, group mean patterns, and design types. The family‐wise Type I error rate for each of these procedures was generally maintained under the nominal .05 level. In terms of statistical power, the Games—Howell procedure generally provided the greatest any‐pair power, while the extension of the Hayter technique provided the greatest average power per contrast and was most efficient in identifying all significant pairwise differences (a

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Robust and resistant regression has taken on new importance in recent years with the realization that psychometric measures often have heavy‐tailed distributions with extreme outliers. While many resistant regression methods are available, little is known about how a researcher might compute a confidence interval for the corresponding parameters. The primary goal in this paper is finding a method of computing reasonably accurate confidence intervals for the slope of two resistant regression methods: the biweight midregression and Winsorized regression. Several ‘obvious’ bootstrap methods for computing confidence intervals were found to be highly unsatisfactory. A relatively unobvious method was found to perform reasonably well when using biweight midregression, and fairly well for the other regression method except for one extreme situation described in the paper. In terms of power, no situation was found where ordinary least squares is to be preferred over Winsorized regression, while Winsorized regression can have a substantial advantage over ordinary least squares. There are situations where the biweight midregression has substantially more power than ordinary least squares, but when the predictor has a highly skewed distribution, there are situations where the reverse is true. The relative merits of the two resistant regression methods are disc

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Statistical Analysis of Behavioural Data: An Approach Based on Time‐structured Models.ByP. Haccou&E. Meelis.A Handbook for Data Analysis in the Behavioural Sciences, vol. 1,Methodological Issues;vol. 2,Statistical Issues.Edited byGideon Keren&Charles Lewis.Cluster Analysis, 3rd ed.ByB. S. Everitt. Sevenoaks.SPSS/PC + Made Simple.ByP. Kinnear&C. Gra

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY