摘要:

The interpretation of the results of Hick and Merkel in terms of Communication Theory has failed to lead to a satisfactory theory of choice‐reaction times. This paper presents an alternative interpretation of the original results in terms ofnparallel decision processes, the reaction time being determined by whichever of thesendecisions takes the longest. This interpretation is slightly preferable in that it gives an adequate account of the variances obtained by Hick. Some of the implications of this new interpretation are discusse

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two statistical models for the clustered firing of cortical neurones are discussed. The first model assumes that a neurone alternates between periods of inactivity and periods of hypersensitivity during which it fires. The second model assumes a definite causal relation between a spike and the succeeding one. Both models lead to a mixed exponential probability density function for the inter‐spike interval. Estimates of the parameters of the second model are obtained from published data, and are used as a basis for discussing the descriptive potential of the mode

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An analysis is made of the perception of musical intervals. Two kinds of stimuli were used; intervals consisting of two simultaneous simple tones (sinusoids) and intervals consisting of two simultaneous complex tones (fundamental plus harmonics). Subjects judged the stimuli by the method of triadic comparisons in an incomplete balanced design. Multidimensional analysis was performed according to Kruskal's MDSCAL program.The following results were obtained: (a) In both the space of simple‐tone intervals (S) and the space of complex‐tone intervals (C) musical intervals are ordered according to their width (frequency difference between fundamental tones). This ordering appears to follow a scale which is bowed upwards in the centre; extremely narrow and extremely wide intervals are therefore more similar than would be expected on the basis of their width alone. (b) In addition, the intervals inCare ordered along a dimension which is related to the complexity of the frequency ratio of the fundamental tones. This is much less true forS.(c) InS, on the other hand, intervals are differentiated on a dimension which is interpreted as indicating their resemblance to certain normative reference intervals.Attention is given to a number of methodological iss

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new orientation to the problem of multidimensional scaling is presented using the notion of ‘elastic’ distances. Making use of a rational theory of judgement variability (in line with Thurstone's remarks about discriminal processes); a monotonic distance function (in line with Shepard's suggestions); an algorithm for determining the monotonic transformations at each iteration (as provided by Kruskal); and a criterion which yields information about the tolerance for variability of judgement that any solution demands, a hybrid analytical approach is proposed as a practical multidimensional scaling procedure. The approach is illustrated using experimental d

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is concerned with discriminatory analysis involving two populations having equala prioriprobabilities and a common covariance matrix and normal distribution. It is thus limited to a simple problem of discrimination to which a number of different solutions were proposed during the early period in the development of the subject. These well‐known results are presented here under one heading and in common notation. The paper begins with a discussion of some alternative logical ways of formulating the problem; then it shows the various statistical methods of deriving a discriminant function; finally, it exhibits the interrelated nature of the statistics which may be used in the test of significance. Each statistic is expressed as a scalar product of the same vector of differences betweenppairs of means and a vector of discriminatory coefficients which varies only in lengt

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Multivariate analysis is applied to 1,348 test scores derived from four secondary technical trades. The analysis reduces the between group variation to two canonical variates. These variates are not recognized as unitary factors, but as composites of general and specific abilities which require further study to be adequately interpreted. Three theoretical notes are included in the appendix.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Types are modes in a multidimensional distribution, and can be found either by operating on aQ‐matrix of distances between individuals or by calculating densities in Cartesian sub‐spaces. Pursuing the former approach, reasons are given for preferring the family ofrp‘coefficients of likeness’ to Mahalanobis'Dor other distance measures. A general formula is presented forrp, applicable to factors of any obliqueness and any assigned weight, permitting classification by what an individual docs as well as by what he is.Classification procedures require recognition of the differences between types as homostats and as segregates. A homostat is a set of unusually similar people: a segregate is a series with above average similarities which thus has continuity, although there may be negligible resemblance between first and last members. A Boolean algorithm will objectively find homostats and sort them into phenomenal and nuclear clusters, and a further algorithm will operate on these to locate segregates. These steps have been combined in a computer program called Taxonome, two examples of the application of which are given. Search for types is a topographical descriptive procedure in which finding the ‘texture’ of a whole domain is as important as the location of individual types. Type analysis contributes to non‐linear prediction, to theories of type origin, and to higher order systematization and conc

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is proved that the Spearman‐Brown formula for test reliability, indicating increase in reliability with increase in test length, holds in its original form even when true scores and error scores are not independent. Under these conditions, however, the error variance of a test increased in lengthntimes is not a linear function of the error variance of the test. It is also proved that an increase in the degree of correlation between error scores on parallel forms with an increase in test length is described by a formula having the same form as the Spearman‐Brown form

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:An Introduction to Mathematical Learning Theory. By R. C. Atkinson, G. H. Bowerand E. J. Crothers.A Theory of Data. By ClydeH. Coombs.Theory of Psychological Measurement. By E. Ghiselli.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY