摘要:

The finding that some subjects learn about more than one set of relevant cues in a discriminative learning or concept identification task has been considered as strong counter‐evidence to a one‐look model of attention in learning (Trabasso&Bower, 1968). It is demonstrated, however, that one‐look models can predict multiple‐cue learning if it is assumed that subjects switch attention between trials, and that they store some information about past trials. Three submodels of a general one‐look model are presented and all are shown to fit the data of Trabasso&Bower (1968) as well as their own multiple‐look model. The success of the one‐look model argues against the use of solution‐type data as a simple means for determining the breadth of attention in the learning situation. The present interpretation of multiple‐cue learning also provides a framework within which to consider at least one important role that memorial processes play in concept identification and discri

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A variety of models dealing with two‐choice successive discrimination learning are considered. The basic approach involves assuming that an organism selects a subset of the stimulation available, a stimulus element, as a basis for a response, and then a choice response is made. This selection process, when added to stimulus sampling theory, yields a class of models, of which a subset can account for the acquisition of successive discrimination, stimulus generalization or transfer, and can be extended to multidimensional discrimination

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mathematical characterization of serial, parallel and hybrid processes is given, and this characterization is related to several current experimental paradigms. Non‐identifiability (mimicking) between two systems (i.e. models of systems) is defined as equivalence of probability distributions on element completion times for the two systems, wherenelements are available for processing by each. Results are then presented for a class of systems with exponential processing times, and it is seen that several interesting cases of parallel and serial systems are equivalent to systems of the opposite type. Evidence that will allow accurate discrimination between parallel and serial processing for this and other classes of systems either requires more complete and precise information about the actual probability distributions of the systems or more specialized sets of converging operations than is usually obtained in psychological experimentation. For example, it is noted that at the level of first moments (means), even a parallel independent system can predict results usually associated with a serial system (an overall increasing linear mean reaction time curve as a function of the number of elements to be processed). Next, a functional equation is developed that must hold in order for mimicking to occur between parallel and serial systems within the same general family of probability distributions, and three special cases are examined. A parallel system with gamma‐distributed processing times for element completion is then investigated, and it is shown that a strictly serial system cannot mimic it, but an interesting hybrid system can. This is followed by discussion of two kinds of partial identifiability, mimicking at the level of means and possible predicted differences at higher levels, and mimicking by approximation. Some qualitative considerations that may enter into conclusions as to parallelity or seriality of processing are then introduced. Last, it is suggested that in a broad sense questions related to parallel and serial systems concern fundamental aspects of information‐processing structure and distribution of processing energy and hence merit further mathematical investig

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two additions to Johnson's hierarchical cluster analysis (1967) are proposed. The first is a procedure for ordering the clusters to make the obtained solution unique and frequently more meaningful. The second is a similarity measure, whereby two (or more) cluster solutions of the same set of variables can be compared. The value of ordered clusterings is illustrated with a reanalysis of data from Miller&Nicely (1955).

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents an iterative procedure for rotating a factor matrix obliquely to a least‐squares fit to a target matrix which need not be fully specifie

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the field of educational measurement, one often wishes to estimate a parameter of a particular type for each member of some class of subjects, in circumstances where knowledge of the data for the whole class can be used to improve the estimate for each individual subject. The logic of an early formula due to Kelley for true scores (individual means) is first studied, and is then extended to variances, regression weights, correlation coefficients and proportions. The estimates obtained are viewed as simple approximations to those which might be obtained from a Bayesian structural model.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Oblique and orthogonal transformational techniques are developed, for both exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic applications, that allow the investigator to maximize, for each factor, the distance between the mean square of the factor pattern coefficients of thesalientvariables for that factor and that of the coefficients of thenon‐salientvariables. The saliency of each variable may be determined eithera priorior empirically. Specific computing procedures are presented—including methods for differentially weighting the factors and variables—and are illustrated by their application to several well‐known data sets. Implications for practice are di

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The heuristic development of a non‐parametric test for interaction based upon the use of normal order statistics is outlined. The application of the proposed test, as well as associatedpost hocprocedures, is then illustrated. Finally, the sampling distribution and approximate power of the test are discusse

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The behaviour of focus samples, central to the multiple‐look model of Trabasso&Bower (1968), is examined by three methods. First, exact probabilities of success conditional upon a certain brief history of stimulation are determined. Second, possible states of the organism during the experiment are defined and a transition matrix for those states determined, permitting prediction over all possible numbers of trials. Third, Fisher's (1971) generalizations and corrections of the Trabasso&Bower focus sample theory are examined. A general solution for the conditional probability of success is derived from Fisher's equation for the probability ofnsuccesses between any two errors. One very strong implication of the theory is given in Section

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00496.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mathematical solution to the two‐stage selection problem was developed which only requires predictor criterion intercorrelations and selection ratio information. Cutting scores on the first stage test are so determined that some individuals are (a) accepted after the first stage, (b) rejected after the first stage, (c) decision withheld, i.e. the decision to accept or reject is postponed until the second stage. The upper and lower cutting scores from stage one,z1″ andz1′ respectively, and the cutting score at the second stagez2.1, wherez2.1=F(z1), andz1’ ≤z1≤z1” are located such that the expected value on the criterion for accepted applicants is maximized subject to two constraints. The two constraints are the selection ratio and a function of the independent contribution of the second‐stage test. Theoretical solutions developed on the computer suggest that a considerable amount of testing time may be saved with little or no decrease in the validity of the selection procedure for all values of the s

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00497.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY