摘要:

Bai-Hassan reduced crude (350°C + ) was hydrotreated in fixed bed reactor with commercial Ni-Mo-alumina catalyst. H and quantitative C NMR are used to derive statistical average structure parameters of feedstock and hydrotreated products. The main aromatic hydrocarbons (of type Car,H + Car,CH3 + Car,n + Car,I) of hydrotreated products decreases by temperature, (at mild conditions) particularly at lower space velocity. The severe operating conditions increases the main aromatic hydrocarbons. An approximate inverse correlation is observed between the behaviour of saturated hydrocarbons and the aromatics of type Car,H + Car,CH3 + Car,n + Car,Iduring hydrotreating process. Higher temperatures show an increase in the percentage of alkyl aromatics of type Car,alkFurthermore, the severe operating conditions promotes the formation of the alkyl aromatics with Hα(ArCH3) while it decreases the alkyl aromatic having H8and H8The kinetic study of napthenes formation indicates that this reactin is well correlated with a first-order kinetics. The apparent activation energy lpar;E rpar;, enthalpy lpar;▵ H rpar;and entropy lpar;▵ s✶lpar; of activation are 23.630 KJ mol 18.390 kJ mol-1and -225.95 J mol-1k-1respectively.

ISSN:0884-3759    

DOI:10.1080/08843758608915815

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An evaluation of methanol production from natural gas by the conventional synthesis process shows that gas feedstock and capital charges are the dominant components of the methanol cost. Small but significant reductions In product cost can be made by increasing the conversion per pass and heat recovery from the synthesis reactor. However, the overall performance of the process is limited by the high cost and thermal Inefficiencies associated with the steam reforming step used to produce the synthesis gas. Catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane directly to methanol has a potential advantage over the conventional process in that it eliminates the need for steam reforming. However, although considerable research has been conducted on CPO, no commercially viable process has yet been developed. An economic evaluation of a conceptual process for methanol production by CPO has been carried out assuming pure oxygen is used as oxidant. Results show that CPO has potential for reducing the coat of methanol provided the total oxidation of methane to CO2and water Is minimised. On the criteria used In this evaluation, CPO is cheaper than synthesis when less than 23% of the methane is completely oxidised. Further research on CPO is warranted and should concentrate on maximising the selectivity of the reaction towards methanol formation.

ISSN:0884-3759    

DOI:10.1080/08843758608915816

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Alkali treating of petroleum distillates is carried out to obtain the advantages of the product purity and to improve performance. The use and quality of alkaline solutions must be controlled since metal ions present as impurities can catalyze low temperature oxidation and polymerization of olefinic compounds; leading to formation of heavy emulsions which tend to deposit in hydrocarbon phases and eventually to block the handling systems. The effects of the variable factors “time, temperature, antioxidant and anticorrosion additives” were studied. The addition of a small amount of methanol was found to retard the deposit formation. This can be ascribed to ion-molecule reactions of methoxide ions with aryl and heavy thiols present in the light distillates. The promoting effects of light and the surrounding air on the stability of final treated product have been investigated.

ISSN:0884-3759    

DOI:10.1080/08843758608915817

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The paper describes the effect of time and pressure on liquid product yields when Green River shale was exposed to supercritical methanol-water at 400°C and then extracted with benzene-methanol. Reaction times between 1 second and 34 minutes were studied as were pressures between 1800 and 5200 psi. Maximum yields of liquid product were obtained after a methanol-water treatment time of about 34 minutes. Presssure did not have a significant effect on product yields. Chemical characterization of Selected liquid products is reported and shows that the product composition varies with time. Exfoliation of shale also increases with treatment time. This phenomenon is discussed and illustrated.

ISSN:0884-3759    

DOI:10.1080/08843758608915818

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Steam gasification of blends prepared from Balraer coal and the ash from combustion of Onakawana lignite was performed in a fixed bed reactor. The blends were prepared by co-slurrying followed by drying. In the presence of 20 wt % ash the gasification rate doubled at 830° and 930°C. Direct blending of coal and lignite resulted In an overall increase in carbon conversion at 830°C but had no effect at 930°C.

ISSN:0884-3759    

DOI:10.1080/08843758608915819

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In many heterogeneous pyrolysis reactions the porous solid undergoes geometrical changes due to the consumption of solid reactant which decrease the compressive strength of the solid matrix. In this study a volume expansion model is proposed for pyrolysis of a single shale particle. This model not only takes into account the structural changes and the intraparticle gradients, but also the functional dependencies of various parameters on the variation of solid reactant conversion and internal temperature distribution.

ISSN:0884-3759    

DOI:10.1080/08843758608915820

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Physical interactions of asphaltenes in the heavy oil environment are studied. The approach consisted of following the variation of viscosities of toluene solutions of Heavy Arab vacuum resid containing asphaltenes as a function of: (a) concentration and (b) temperature of the solutions. Based on the results, a mechanism of aggregation consisting of step-wise aggregation followed by cluster formation is proposed. The aggregation is reversible by dilution and by increasing the temperature of the solution.

ISSN:0884-3759    

DOI:10.1080/08843758608915821

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor