ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00272.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00273.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryWe have investigated the mechanisms by which inlerleukin‐3 (IL‐3) induces histamine release and primes basophils for increased hislamine release in response to anti‐IgE‐ and N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP). The responsiveness of basophils from atopic donors was variable, only 5/11 subjects showing release of>10% to IL‐3 in the range 0.1–100 ng/ml. IL‐3‐induced histamine release required both extracellular Ca2+and cell membrane IgE, removal of membrane IgE by lactate stripping or desensitization of basophils by incubation with anti‐IgE in a Ca2+‐free medium blocking IL‐3‐induced hislamine release.IL‐3 also primed basophils for histamine release by anti‐IgE and fMLP in the same concentration range as it evoked histamine release. When IL‐3 and either anti‐IgE or fMLP were combined, the result was additive or supra‐additive depending on the basophil donor. Unlike IL‐3‐evoked histamine release, IL‐3 priming of basophils for fMLP‐induced histamine release was shown to be independent of the presence of both cell surface IgE and of extracellular calcium. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine (10 nM), inhibited anti‐IgE induced histamine release, but neither IL‐3 induced histamine release nor IL‐3 priming of IgE‐ and fMLP‐induced histamine release. Pertussis toxin (1.0 μg/ml) inhibited fMLP‐induced histamine release but not anti‐IgE‐induced histamine release, IL‐3‐evoked histamine release or IL‐3 priming. These results indicate that IL‐3 modulates mediator release from human basophils by two mechanisms; a direct release of histamine which involves cell surface IgE and the influx of extracellular calcium but which is unlikely to proceed by the same mechanism as cross‐linkage of IgE, and a priming effect which is independent of IgE and extracellular Ca2+and whi

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00274.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe record of daily average grass pollen concentrations monitored at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington. London, U.K. since 1961 is the longest duration pollen data set in Europe. Analysis of the results identifies the trends and characteristics of grass pollen seasons over three decades. During this lime seasonal allergic rhinitis has increased significantly in Britain. The annual start dates, length of season and severity are examined in relation to the main meteorological variables of cumulated temperatures above 5‐5°C and precipitation measured at one site within London and two in the surrounding rural areas. Land‐use changes are also considered. Significant decreases have taken place in both the duration and severity of the seasons, particularly between the 1960s and the early 1970s but also through the last 20 yr. This is largely a result of a decrease in pollen abundance in the region. The decline in pollen counts has slowed in recent years due to the increase in flowering grasses caused by the seaside policy and by uncut verges. Grass pollen seasons have tended to start later over the last two decades, despite an increase in the cumulated temperature profiles during late winter and spring. Empirical models have been developed using multiple regressions to incorporate meteorological and pollen data for the last 20 yr in order to forecast the start dates. duration and severity of the grass pollen seasons. These models were applied successful using the data for 1991 and 1992. Predictions of the main characteristics on the pollen seasons can be obtained relatively early in the year through the use of these models by employing the monthly weather forecasts in conjunction with long‐term average weather pr

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00275.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThere is increasing evidence for the role of basophils in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. To examine the presence of basophils in the airways of patients with fatal asthma by immunohistochemistry, we stained lung tissues from four post‐mortem cases who had died from severe asthmatic attacks and four controls with a monoclonal antibody raised against tryptase (AA‐1) and anti‐IgE. Mast cells and basophils were identified in the bronchioles as A A‐1‐ and anti‐IgE‐positive cells, and anti‐IgE‐posilive cells, respectively. Airway mast cells were found beneath the basemenl membrane, near blood vessels in the submucosa, and adjacent to the submucosal glands, and scattered throughout the muscle bundles. There was a significant increase of mast cells in the asthma group compared with the control group (203.5 ± 84.6/mm2, mean ± s. d. vs 37.7 ± 8.7/mm2, P<0.05,n= 4). In contrast, basophils were observed in the airway lumen, in the bronchial epithelium and in the submucosa. The number of basophils in the bronchioles was 81.8 ± 55.5/mm2(n= 4); however, basophils were not found at all in the airways of the control group. Although eosinophils, B lymphocytes and macro‐phages bear low affinity IgE receptors and could react with anti‐IgE, the location of these cells in the close sections did not correspond closely with basophils. The presence of basophils in lung tissues obtained from fatal asthma patients supports the view that basophils play a role in the pathoge

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00276.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryComplement receptors on neutrophils and eosinophils play a role in activation and adhesion. During asthmatic reactions these receptors have been found elevated on circulating granulocytes. In the present study we compared the expression of CD35 (complement receptor type 1) and CD11b (complement receptor type 3) on neulrophils and eosinophils from asthmatic and non‐asthmatic children. This was done in whole blood samples using depolarised light scattering for the discrimination of neutrophils and eosinophils. The non‐stimulated expression as well as the upregulaled expression of receptors by the chemotactic peptideN‐formylmethionyl‐teucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP) were studied. The results showed that without prior stimulation only the expression of CD35 on neutrophils was significantly elevated in children with asihma (P<0.05). After up‐regulation with fMLP. the CD11b expression on neutrophils (P<0.005, fMLP: 0.002μm) and eosinophils (P<0.05, fMLP: 0.02μM) was significantly higher in asthmatic children than in the controls. These results indicate that the inducible expression of CD11b on neutrophils and eosinophils from allergic asthmatic children is

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00277.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPlaque radio‐immuno assay has been used to isolate an FgE‐binding clone from a lambda gt11 library ofDermatophagoides pteronyssinuscDNA, The clone HD6 contained DNA encoding a 215 residue protein which contained a predicted 17 amino acid residue leader sequence, no cysteines and a single W‐glycosylation site. The 198 residue mature protein would have a predicted MW of 22 177 D. No homologues were found in searches of the data banks. Sera from 14/38 allergic children reacted strongly with the polypeptide produced by the clone (37%). Skin tests showed reactivity in 16/30 (53%) allergic patients and 0/10 of controls. Affinity purification of rabbit antibodies with the clone showed that antibodies to the polypeptide had specificities to multiple products in mite extracts corresponding to components of Mr 29, 27 and 24 K by Western blotting. Absorption studies of IgE in allergic serum indicated further entities at 13 and 11.5 kD, It is proposed to name this allergenDer

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00278.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryReasons for the gender differences in prevalence rates for asthma remain unclear. We have examined the relationships between allergen skin‐test reactions and diagnoses of hay fever and asthma in New Zealand hoys and girls examined at the age of 13 years. Information on current and past wheezing, diagnosed asthma, and hay fever was obtained for 662 subjects (341 boys) of a birth cohort followed longitudinally to the age of 13 years, using a physician‐administered questionnaire. Atopic status was determined by skin‐prick tests to 11 common allergens. The proportion of 13‐year‐old boys with current asthma was 1.6 times higher and of ever‐diagnosed asthma 1.4 times higher than in girls, but the prevalence of recurrent wheeze ( three episodes per year) not diagnosed as asthma, or of hay fever, was not significantly different between the sexes. The prevalence of diagnosed asthma increased with increasing numbers of positive skin tests, but hay fever without asthma was little affected above one positive skin‐test. Boys had a greater prevalence of any positive skin‐test (50.1 % vs 37.1%), two or more positive tests (29.3 % vs 21.8%), and responses to house dust mite (34.0% vs 23.1 %) and cat (14.7% vs 11.2%). Gender differences for asthma became insignificant when adjusted for skin‐test responsiveness to house dust mite and/or cat. The proportion of children with diagnosed asthma increased with increasing size of weals to house dust mite and cat dander. Gender differences in allergen sensitivities partly explain the gender differences in diagnosed asthma in children. In both sexes, risk of asthma was primarily associated with sensitization to indoor allergens (house dust mite and cat), and was related to the magnitude of the skin‐test response, while the risk of hay fever was primarily associated with grass

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00279.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryWhile airway hyperresponsivencss is usually associated with a diagnosis of asthma or symptoms of wheezing, some individuals with rhinitis show airway hyperresponsiveness as do some with no symptoms whatsoever. We have studied the correlations between symptoms, airway hyperresponsiveness and atopy as determined by skin‐prick tests in a cohort of New Zealand children. A total of 662 members of a birth cohort were studied at age 13 years using a respiratory questionnaire, skin‐prick tests to 11 common allergens, and an abbreviated validated methacholine challenge test to determine airway responsiveness. Airway hyperresponsiveness (methacholine PC20 FEV18 mg/ml) was strongly correlated with reported asthma and current wheezing (P<0.0001) and also with atopy, especially to house dust mite and cat (P<0.0001). As weal size for both house dust mite and cat increased, so did the proportion of children with airway hyperresponsiveness. All children with diagnosed asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness were atopic. Skin‐test reactions to house dust mite and cat were strongly correlated with any degree of measurable airway responsiveness (PC20 FEV125 mg/ml) in children with rhinitis (P<0.0001), and remained significantly correlated even in children without current asthma, without asthma ever and without rhinitis (P<0.001). Atopy is a major determinant of airway hyperresponsiveness in children, not only in those with reported histories of asthma and wheezing, but also in the absence of any history suggesting asthma and rhi

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00280.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe relationship between atopy and pulmonary function in children, and how these relate directly or indirectly to airway hyperresponsivcness, is uncertain. We have examined these relationships in a sample of 13‐year‐old children. A questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, skin‐prick tests to 11 common allergens, spirometry and an abbreviated methacholine challenge test were completed by 662 members (341 boys) of a birth cohort of New Zealand children followed longitudinally to age 13. There was a significant relationship between the presence and degree of atopy, and baseline pulmonary function. Low FEV1/VC ratios were associated with a greater likelihood of airway responsiveness, not only in subjects with diagnosed asthma, but also in the full cohort and in the sub‐group of 426 children who denied asthma or current wheeze. The relationships between baseline FEV1/VC and airway responsiveness were stronger in atopic than in non‐atopic children, with the strongest relationships in children sensitive to house dust mite and/or cat dander. In the presence of atopy, progressively lower levels of lung function were strongly associated with a higher prevalence of airway responsiveness (P<0.001). In non‐atopic subjects, only those with the most impaired lung function (FEV1/VC<75%) showed any substantive prevalence of airway responsiveness. The relationship between the degree of atopy and the FEV1/VC ratio, although significant in univariate analysis, became completely non‐significant after accounting for airway responsiveness. In 13‐year‐old children, atopy, especially to house dust mite and cat dander, was correlated with pulmonary function expressed as FEV1/VC ratio. Airway responsiveness likewise correlated with impaired baseline lung function. The apparent relationship of lung function to atopy occurred primarily as a result of the relationship between atopy and airway responsiveness. Atopy and impaired lung function were additive factors predicting airw

ISSN:0954-7894    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00281.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY