摘要:

AbstractForty‐four undergraduates were shown one set of slides of persons in the beginning of the session and a second set of slides at the end. During the second slide presentation subjects gave recognition judgements for each slide and confidence judgements for each decision. The disguise of the to‐be‐recognized (TBR) persons was varied and the distinctiveness and attractiveness of the TBR persons were assessed. The relation between subjects' confidence judgements and their face recognition accuracy was stronger if the TBR persons were not disguised and if the TBR persons had distinctive characteristics. Attractiveness was unrelated to face recognition accuracy. Base‐rate information, which referred to the number of persons the subjects expected to recognize, affected decision criterion but had no effect on confidence jud

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWith a tradition reliance on verbal paradigms cognitive psychology has repeatedly rediscovered the centrality of verbal processes in the cognitive representation of the world. Frequently it has been considered that non‐speaking groups offer the proof of such psychological theories. Deaf people, because of their apparently poor memory, retardation in reading, relative lack of speech, yet cognitive viability, have offered an ideal test population for cognitive paradigs. Unfortunately deaf people turn out not to be a non linguistic control. We have now discovered sign language—a visual, spatial representation form used naturally by profoundly deaf people. This apparently offers the key the deaf people's cognition without speech. This paper describes some aspects of what we know of deaf people and their language, critically examines some of the evidence for sign representation in memory, and discusses the methodological problems to be faced by anyone searching for conclusive evidence on deaf people's working memory. Despite the attractiveness of ‘sings for words’ in cognition, this paper argues that the evidences is weak and signs may not be equated easily wit

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe clarity with which events that happened 6 years earlier can be recalled was estimated. The estimates are consistent with a gradual degradation rather than a precipitate decline of memory, and with the proposition that once an event cannot be recalled then it will remain inaccessible under similar conditions of cueing. Rare events are recalled well, suggesting that proactive interference has a strong influence on difficulty to recall. Vivid events are recalled well, also, but other dimensions such as importance of the event, its association with semantic knowledge, and the intensity of physical sensation are not related to recallability. Memory for the date of an event is poor, but for its time of day is good.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne person's memories of a 47‐day bicycle tour of Scandinavia were tested 3–4 months later. The tests assessed frequency, spatial, and temporal knowledge of events. Results indicated that frequency judgements were based on some combination of counts of discrete event memories and a general impression of the tour. Episodic memories showed clear variation as a function of where events had occurred, and judged and actual locations of episodes were strongly related. In fact, knowledge of the week in which something had happened appeared to hinge on where in a sequence of locations it was thought to have taken place. The apparent dependence of temporal judgements on spatial information is consistent with other findings in the literature indicating that temporal memories about past events are derived from a variety of other associated information, much of which is temporally referen

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of intuitive heuristics (e. g. representativeness and availability) has been put forward as an explanation for peoples' assignment of probabilities (Tversky and Kahneman, 1971). This phenomenon is seen as robust since experts as defined by education (professional psychologisis), despite advanced training in statistics and methodology, rely on the same heuristics as novices (lay people). Both experts and novices, as defined by education, were studied in a series of experiments and further classified as experts and novices according to their probability knowledge base, prior to receiving (or not) a brief (15‐minute) training session. Immediately following training, subjects completed a probability test which consisted of ten Tversky and Kahneman (e. g. 1974) problems. The training significantly increased the number of problems correctly solved on the probability test and eliminated the expert/novice education classification. The results of a follow‐up test 5 weeks after the experiment indicated that the training group maintained its superior performance. It is proposed that failure to use proper methods of probability assignment may not be due to intrinsic human inference biases or heuristics, but is a result of a minimal probability knowledge b

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree‐hundred and one young adults evaluated medical dilemmas in which a patient (1) was portrayed as either 40 or 70 years old, (2) decided to either refuse or consent to a risky treatment for a serious medical disorder, and (3) received either positively or negatively framed information about the potential effectiveness of a proposed medical treatment. Participants' evaluations of the patients' decisions reflected the implementation of aframing heuristicand anage heuristic. The framing heuristic influenced participants' judgements of patients who refused the proposed treatment. Specifically, information which was positively framed resulted in risk‐avoiding judgements, while information which was negatively framed resulted in risk‐taking judgements. The age heuristic predisposed participants to recommend that 40 year old patients, more so than 70‐year‐old patients, opt for high‐risk medical treatments that could potentially add a large number of years to

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY