摘要:

AbstractThis study is concerned with the question whether extremely emotional experiences, such as being the victim of Nazi concentration camps, leave traces in memory that cannot be extinguished. Relevant data were obtained from testimony by 78 witnesses in a case against Marinus De Rijke, who was accused of Nazi crimes in Camp Erika in The Netherlands. The testimonies were collected in the periods 1943–1947 and 1984–1987. A comparison between these two periods reveals the amount of forgetting that occurred in 40 years. Results show that camp experiences were generally well‐remembered, although specific but essential details were forgotten. Among these were forgetting being maltreated, forgetting names and appearance of the torturers, and forgetting being a witness to murder. Apparently intensity of experiences is not a sufficient safeguard against forgetting. This conclusion has consequences for the forensic use of testimony by witnesses who were victims of violent c

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA series of five experiments examined the effects of irrelevant speech on proofreading and memory. Four of the experiments used a proofreading task and showed that the deleterious effects of irrelevant speech: (1) depend on the speech being meaningful, (2) are only present when the burden on short‐term memory is low and (3) are manifested in a lower detection rate for non‐contextual as opposed to contextual errors. Neither the spatial location of the speech (either in terms of spatial dispersion of sources or spatial movement of a single source) nor the intensity of the speech (in a range bounded by 50 dB(A) and 70 dB(A)) had any effect on proofreading. Late selection models of attention are favoured by the results in preference to models having arousal, short‐term memory or early selection in attention as their basis. A final experiment showed serial recall for visual lists to be impaired by the presence of any speech‐like sound (including reversed speech and speech in an unfamiliar language) which suggests a set of phenomena qualitatively different from those associated with proofreading. Throughout the article the practical consequences of the findings are emp

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports several studies of chess expertise in children who play competitive chess. The first study examines (1) the relationship between experience and skill among 113 school‐age children (grades 1 through 12); and (2) the relationship between chess skill and scores on various spatial and logical abilities tests among the top 15 players. Improvement in skill is related to experience, and chess players score higher than average on the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Also, scores on a chess‐specific test, the Knight's Tour, correlate with scores on the Raven's. The second study reports three experiments with 59 Ss involving chess‐specific tasks in memory, perception, and similarity judgements. The first two experiments replicated and extended Chase and Simon (1973). The third experiment, which asked Ss to judge similarities of chess positions, demonstrated that similarity judgements become more global and abstract with increased skill. The final section describes qualitatively how children's chess expertise compares to that of adults. Drawing upon Anderson (1985), we focus on some distinctive features of children's chess play and on some successful techniques in coaching young pl

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo methods for maximizing the completeness and accuracy of eyewitness recall for licence plates were evaluated in this research: (1) asking questions derived from generally accepted principles of memory retrieval enhancement (Geiselman, Fisher, Firstenberg, Hutton, Sullivan, Avetissian and Prosk, 1984; Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon and Holland, 1985, 1986) and (2) providing subjects with a licence plate simulation device to view and interchange alphanumeric characters. Undergraduate subjects viewed a series of slides portraying a young man, placing a television set in a car and driving down the street. With a seven‐character California plate in Experiment 1 (n= 151), subjects in the condition with the simulation device and cognitive interviewing had a significant 22 per cent increase in correct licence plate recall. The results were replicated in Experiment 2 (n= 108) with an 18 per cent increase in correct information using a six‐character plate. Errors appeared to be those letters adjacent in the alphabet to the licence plate lett

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research has shown that witnesses who are instructed to recall a crime scenario in reverse order as well as in forward order retrieve more total information than witnesses who recall in forward order twice. The present experiment evaluated the hypothesis that forward recall consists of schema‐based retrieval whereas reverse‐order recall consists of more datadriven, non‐schematic retrieval. It was predicted that more actions consistent with a scenario's schema would be recalled in forward order than in reverse order, more actions incidental to the schema would be recalled in reverse order than forward order, and more schema‐based intrusions would be generated in forward order. The results confirmed these predictions. Implications for witness interviewing are di

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY