摘要:

AbstractThis paper explores the notion of truthfulness in research on conversational remembering. It argues that people's accounts of past events, before they can be taken as data on the cognitive workings of memory, need to be examined as contextualized and variable productions that perform pragmatic and rhetorical work; no one version can be taken as a person's real memory. The consequences of this discourse‐analytical perspective are examined first through a critical discussion of Ulric Neisser's study of John Dean's testimony to the senate ‘Watergate’ committee. The issues are then explored more deeply in an analysis of reportings of a different event, in which similar (Watergate‐like) issues of memory, truth and accuracy are also at issue. It is argued that: (a) all of Neisser's three kinds of memory–verbatim, gist and ‘repisodic’–involve problematical assumptions concerning their relation to some true, original event; and (b) that Dean's accounts of his memory and his displays of memory should be approached as occasioned productions oriented pragmatically to the assignment of guilt and avoidance of scapegoating. Through an analysis of newspaper reports (based on memory) of a controversial briefing given by the then British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Lawson, we then examine: (a) how discourse about what could be used as an arbiter of truth was rhetorically organized; (b) how participants' versions of events were constructed rhetorically, as parts of arguments; (c) that both sides in the dispute maintained the coherence of their positions by a form of error accounting similar to that used by Neisser with respect to Dean. It is suggested that cognitive psychologists, whether working in the laboratory or attempting to do real‐world studies of everyday remembering, need to avoid simplistic notions of true original events, and can do so by addressing the rhetorical organization of participants

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInevitable declines in sensory abilities may put older drivers and pedestrians at risk unless they become aware of these changes and can safeguard themselves by modifying their behaviour. A questionnaire designed to evaluate older people's awareness of their sensory abilities with regard to road use was administered to 80 individuals aged from 50 to 79 years, who were also given eyesight and hearing tests. Despite marked declines in their objective sensory efficiency, people in their 70s did not rate their sensory abilities as poor any more than did people in their 50s. Individuals of any age who did subjectively perceive declines in their sensory abilities also reported that they had made very sensible adjustments in their road‐use behaviour, for example, avoiding complex junctions. Those individuals who reported taking such precautions also reported fewer recent accidents. One month after completing the questionnaire, and being given the results of their eyesight and hearing tests, two‐thirds of individuals reported that they had made important changes in their behaviour on the roads. Many now avoided or took particular care in dangerous situations, and some had started to wear prescribed spectacles more appropriately. The implications of older people's lack of awareness of changes in their sensory abilities to their safety on the roads, and in general, are discussed. Factors causing the age‐related mismatch between actual and subjectively perceived sensory abilities are disc

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCopies of notes taken during a lecture were obtained from first‐year psychology students, and the relations examined between measures derived from these (the number of points recorded, the number of words written, and the number of words per point) and a number of variables measuring personality and approach to studying. Three variables were found to be related to the measures derived from the notes: older students, those scoring high on strategic learning (strategy component) and those scoring high on surface learning (motivational component), both measured by questions derived from Biggs (1979), produced longer notes and recorded more of the important points in the lecture. The results suggest that relations between approaches to studying and specific study behaviour are not straightforward and require more detailed investigatio

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEntrants to medical and dental courses in London University were given questionnaires covering aspects of study organization, attitudes towards the course, and approach to studying. Two factors were identified with a significant relation to examination performance at the end of the first year, a general study organization factor and performance at the GCE advanced level examination. The first was a stronger predictor than the second. However these factors only demonstrated a limited ability to identify students who failed the first year of the course, so can at best enable a modest improvement in selecting students who will pass, or in identifying students in need of counselling during the course. Some differences were found between results for the two samples and possible reasons for these are discussed.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent studies of single‐word processing in dyslexic populations have focused on the differential predictions made by ‘delay’ and ‘deviance’ models. Many experiments in this area have sought to determine whether the reading process in dyslexia is idiosyncratic or similar to processing in younger non‐dyslexic readers. Most relevant research has, however, failed to take account of recent developments in theoretical models of reading. Furthermore, relatively little research has examined the reading behaviour of ‘highly compensated’ subjects, who achieve high‐level academic qualifications despite their developmental dyslexia. The present paper examines such a population, and concludes that its single‐word reading is governed by the same spelling‐to‐sound word characteristics as reading by other groups. The implications of the results for the deviance/delay hypothesis and for models of wo

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY