摘要:

AbstractThis article presents some empirical findings concerning memory for violent real‐life events. Witnesses who had observed a bank robbery, either as a victim or a bystander, were interviewed and studied with respect to emotional reactions and memory for detailed information about the robbery. The consistency of the witnesses' accounts was measured by a comparison of information gathered in the police reports and the recollection given in a research interview. Overall, the results showed relatively high accuracy rates after an extended time interval with respect to specific details about the robbery (e. g. action, weapon, clothing). For some details, however, the witnesses showed a rather low performance (e. g. colour of eyes and hair, and details of the surrounding circumstances). There was no significant relationship between rated degree of emotion and the number of details remembered. These findings contradict the negative relationship between stress and memory that many experts on eyewitness testimony believe in (Kassin, Ellsworth, and Smith, 1989). Points of commonality in findings from real‐life studies and simulation studies are discus

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070502

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn two experiments, audio re‐recordings of texts transcribed from television newscasts were presented to independent groups, one group in each case hearing a ‘bulletin’ with original text structures (as broadcast), the other with key stories revised in accord with story‐grammar notions and restoring chronological sequence in the narrative. In Experiment 1 the middle item in a three‐story bulletin was subjected to text structure manipulation. After hearing the bulletin, subjects were questioned on information in the texts. In Experiment 2, subjects heard two stories with original or restructured text. In addition to being tested for retention they also rated for bias and quality of writing. Text restructuring improved learning in both studies, especially of information central to the main points of stories. In Experiment 2, such text revision also affected judgements of bias without altering assessment of writing quality. It is suggested that attention to assuring more coherent story structures in newscast texts could counter the problems of poor comprehension and perceived bias on the part of audiences which result from current production priorities and

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070503

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is widely accepted that the structure of performance depends on the relationship between task demands and information processing resources. This relationship is affected by many factors including practice. For instance, it is claimed that while use of task‐specific knowledge, an information‐processing resource, may benefit performance in the long term, the costs of its use in the short term are quite high. It is dificult to find any studies which can be used to test this claim, as those which have been undertaken typically measure gross performance only, lack any measure of the subjective costs of resource investment, and are of relatively short duration. In this paper an experiment is reported which looks at the effects of task‐specific knowledge on gross and process performance, and on a number of subjective indices over a longitudinal time frame. The results are discussed in terms of the relationships between the context of performance, the perception of control, and strategies of resource management. Finally, the argument that the data suggest a need for the reconceptualization of demands and resources is mooted and some methodological implications are disc

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070504

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study tested first whether 240 undergraduate students share high consensual agreement in their selection of faces and voices which fit criminal and non‐criminal ‘occupations’ second, whether there are significant relationships between trait impressions and voice characteristics for persons selected as exemplars of criminals and non‐criminals; and third, whether categorization of targets into ‘good guys’ and ‘bad guys’ influences recognition memory. Subjects' selections of exemplars of criminals and non‐criminals from video recordings of the face and voice, or face‐only, or voice‐only of 15 white men were done with high confidence in a significantly non‐random manner. Significant correlations were found between trait impressions and vocal characteristics in all three presentation modes which differentiated good guys from bad guys. Recognition memory for target voices was significantly inferior to the recognition of face and voice targets, and face‐only targets. Recognition confidence scores were significantly higher for good guys over bad guys, especially in the voice‐only condition. The results were discussed in terms of the probability that stereotyping of faces and voices can influence decision

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070505

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA recent stimulus‐response compatibility model was used to provide a performance evaluation of an experimental notation for the keyboard in which pitch varies horizontally in visual space. One hundred and twenty subjects performed a choice reaction time task using either the horizontal notation or a more traditional vertical notation. Half the subjects in each notation group received white noise and half received pitch‐varying feedback with responses. A horizontal display advantage was revealed when rules of the model were applied to data analyses. Further, the horizontal display advantage was not dependent on the nature of the feedback. In a second experiment, performance of musicians and non‐musicians was compared using the horizontal and vertical notations. Musicians' performance was uniformly better than that of non‐musicians, and did not differ with notation orientation. The findings support the use of non‐traditional horizontal notations for novice performance on a keyboard i

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070506

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070507

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070508

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070509

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070510

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070501

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY