摘要:

AbstractA total of 288 male and 288 female undergraduate students heard a taped voice of a mock abductor for a total of 18 seconds, 36 seconds, 120 seconds, or 6 minutes. One‐third of all subjects heard the voice for one massed trial, one‐third for two equal periods separated by a 5‐minute inter‐trial interval, and the remainder for three equal periods separated by 5‐minute intervals. Voice identification and confidence of response were tested immediately after observation, or 24 hours later, or 1 week later. Hit rates were significantly greater with longer voice‐sample durations, and were superior with two distributed exposures to the suspect's voice in contrast to one massed exposure or three distributed exposures. However, the false alarm rate in the suspect‐present line‐up differed significantly as a function of voice‐ sample durations and retention intervals, and voice‐sample durations and frequency of distributed exposures. False alarms in the suspect‐absent line‐up were consistently high (overallM= .58) and exceeded the overall hit rate (M= .40). Confidence of response was negatively correlated with suspect identification in the 18‐second voice‐sample condition, but was positively correlated with voice‐sample durations

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060502

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies are reported that describe the phenomena of verbal hallucinations in the general population and test two explanations of those reports. Subjects were 198 male and 387 female college students who completed a verbal hallucination questionnaire plus one or more additional questionnaires. We found that a large minority reported hallucinations and that nearly half reported having them at least once a month. The present data indicated that these reports were not related to four measures of social conformity. Neither were they related to measures of overt, or incipient, symptoms of psychopathology. We have concluded that the majority of these reports are generally veridical accounts of conscious experience in normal individuals.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060503

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines the recall of autobiographical event information. The nature of 434 events–what, whowas involved, andwhereandwhenthey occurred, was obtained by examining the diaries of eight diarists.What, whereandwhoevent information was used both as cues to prompt recall and the aspect to be recalled.Whenwas only ever recalled. Analysis indicatedwhatwas the most efficient retrieval cue, followed bywhereandwho. An event aspect cue uniqueness explanation is suggested for these results. Event recall decreased and absolute dating error increased with retention interval. Other results suggested the latter result was due to dating strategy accuracy differences combined with a systematic adoption of different dating strategies as retention interval increased. Systematic dating errors that varied with retention interval were found, but no evidence to suggest that degree of event knowledge affected signed dating error. However, subjects generally assigned dates within the time frame established by the study, which suggests systematic dating errors are the result of boundary effect

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060504

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhile the incidence of memory complaint has always been high among the elderly, recent research has demonstrated that there is often a discrepancy between subjective memory complaint and actual memory performance in this population. Four experimental groups were established to examine the relationship and the factors that may affect changes in memory complaint and memory performance. The groups consisted of a memory training condition, an expectancy change condition, an art discussion control condition, and an evaluation control condition. It was hypothesized that memory training sessions would be the most effective in increasing memory performance scores, and that the expectancy change sessions would significantly reduce the incidence of memory complaint. The findings provide support for these predictions and indicate that memory training programmes should teach strategies to facilitate memory while addressing older adults' expectations about memory performance.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060505

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnalysis of expert performance in various domains has revealed not only that experts possess a high degree of knowledge, but that this knowledge is very efficiently organized. But increased understanding of expertise has shed little light on what specific strategy is best suited for a particular task. This study investigated the strategies employed by professional actors in the course of learning theatrical scripts. Seven actors were asked to describe the procedures they use in preparing and learning a role. These protocols were then analysed for commonalities among subjects. The most important finding was that there was unanimous agreement among actors that they do not memorize the lines in a rote‐type fashion. Instead they read the script many times, trying to infer the motivation behind each utterance. All of the actors stressed the importance of identifying the underlying meaning and of explaining why the character said those exact words. Apparently this type of ‘active’ understanding leads to verbatim retention of the text and makes word‐for‐word or line‐for‐line memorizin

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060506

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAge differences in learning a complex cognitive skill are examined. The type of knowledge gained and levels of performance and transfer achieved, under different practice conditions, were compared in younger and older groups of trainees. The development of verbalizable knowledge about the task but not task performance itself varied as a function of age and practice condition. All trainees achieved transfer to novel versions of the task but older subjects appeared restricted to tasks drawn from the same semantic domain. The implications of these findings for developing training programmes for older workers are discussed.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060507

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present research examined whether line‐ups based on target (‘suspect’) face similarity are biased or suggestive. Four experiments are described in which subjects constructed photographic line‐ups by selecting foils similar in appearance to a target. Later, another group of subjects who had not seen the faces before (mock witnesses) were asked to pick out the targets from the line‐ups. All four experiments showed that mock witnesses selected the target significantly more often than expected by chance, thereby demonstrating suggestiveness. Three alternative line‐up construction methods were also evaluated. In these methods, foil selection was based not only on target similarity but also on similarity with one or more of the other line‐up faces. Results showed that alternative line‐up targets were not selected significantly more often than chance, suggesting that bias was reduced. An overall analysis showed that the alternative line‐ups were significantly less suggestive than target‐based line‐ups. The results indicate that foil selection procedures that incorporate foil‐to‐foil similarity produce fairer line‐ups than those exclusively

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060508

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060509

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060510

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060511

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY