ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe articles which follow report independent research that originated in a collaborative group now organized as the Laboratory for Cognitive Studies of Work. Laboratory members are collectively engaged in working out a conceptual framework for cognitive research based on activity theory. Beach and Stevens, together with Scribner, elaborated this framework in the domain of memory, and in this introduction we will briefly sketch its principal implications for the ecological study of memory.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo kinds of external mnemonic cues are distinguished within the activity of becoming a bartender. Verbal mnemonic symbols (VMS) are materially arbitrary with respect to their referents. Material mnemonic symbols (MMS) bear a direct material relation to their referents. Both sets of cues are socially constituted. Combined ethnographic and experimental analyses indicate that external mnemonic cue use shifts from VMS, to MMS, to the use of neither with increasing experience. These shifts are interpreted within an activity theory framework as they occur in relation to the changing goals of becoming a bartender.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA two‐phase observational study was done on skilled waitresses as they served lunch orders in a Manhattan restaurant. Three months of participant observation provided a job description which characterized the skilled use of memory by waitresses. A second set of observations tracked the handling of orders for five confederate customers, and looked at ways in which waitresses had to reorganize information in order to do their job quickly and accurately. The date revealed that waitresses sort‐order information into different organizational configurations to match locations in the restaurant, and that they adaptively utilized these configurations in the flow of their activ

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn two experiments, Canadian children in grades 6 and 7 processed facts about Canada and the U. S. under instructions to: (a) explain why the facts were true (elaborative interrogation); (b) read the facts with elaborations provided (provided elaborations); or (c) read the facts to remember (reading control). In Experiment 1, recall of Canadian facts was higher in the elaborative‐interrogation condition than in the elaboration‐provided condition. In Experiment 2 (Canadian and US facts), there were no significant differences in recall. Although only one comparison reached statistical significance, recall was descriptively greatest in the elaborative‐interrogation condition in both experiments with both Canadian and US facts. Across both experiments the average effect size of elaborative interrogation was 0.40 SD compared to the reading‐control and 0.56 SD compared to the elaboration‐provided condition. The quality of children's explanation in the elaborative‐interrogation condition was related to probability of recall. Inclusion of prior knowledge in the children's explanations was a better predictor of recall than was the adequacy of e

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA case study is presented of an American sign language‐using deaf woman whose life circumstances were such that she had no opportunities to use her sign language over nearly 40 years, but whose recall of its lexicon and syntax were almost unimpaired when she resumed its use after that period. Implications for the role of memory in first language learning are compared with results for second languages, and the role of rehearsal and interference in remembering over very long periods is considere

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated the very long‐term retention of a full‐length novel originally studied as part of a university undergraduate course. One hundred and forty former students completed three tests designed to assess retention of Charles Dickens'Hard Times.Retention intervals ranged from 3 to 39 months. Subjects' responses when they were asked to report their most vivid and enduring memory of the novel were consistent with story grammar models which claim that components of a story which are higher in a hierarchy are remembered better than those lower in the hierarchy. A free recall test of the names and roles of the characters in the novel found that retention of both declined rapidly in the first few months following acquisition, that names were forgotten more quickly than roles, and that retention of both had stabilized above baseline before the longest retention interval. These data are interpreted in terms of a schema account of memory retention, in which retention of schematic knowledge (roles), but not non‐schematic knowledge (names) can be mediated by abstract knowledge structures. The results of a fact verification test showed that memory for events of high importance in the novel was better than memory for events of low importance, consistent with models that suggest that texts and stories are represented hierarchically in memory. Confidence ratings also declined over time and showed that subjects generally assessed the accuracy of their responses correctly. The significant predictors of memory for the novel were retention interval and the mark obtained on a coursework essay onHard

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to reveal the visual information from the face utilized for the categorization of its expression of emotions. In Experiment 1 the subjects produced six schematic faces expressing six basic emotions by using a computer graphics system. By a series of factor analyses on the variables of displacements of feature points for deforming a neutral schematic face to produce the six expressional ones, two factors of ‘curvedness/openness’ and ‘slantedness’ of facial elements were obtained. In Experiment 2 another group of subjects made category judgements of emotions for 72 of the total 216 schematic faces produced in Experiment 1. The relationship between the displacements of feature points in Experiment 1 and subjects' categorical responses in Experiment 2 were examined by canonical discriminant analysis. It was found that the categorical judgements were well explained by two canonical variables whose structures were quite similar to those of factors obtained in Experiment 1. These results indicated that we extract the information of changes in curvedness/openness and slantedness of facial elements among other information on the face for categorizing its expressions of emotions. Lastly, the relationship between the dimensions of visual information obtained here and those of semantic affective meanings found in earlier research was di

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY