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1. |
A model for predicting the outcomes of basketball games |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 8,
Issue 7,
1994,
Page 621-639
Evan Heit,
Paul C. Price,
Gordon H. Bower,
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摘要:
AbstractWe investigated the task of predicting the outcomes of sporting events, in particular, basketball games. In two experiments, college students predicted the outcomes of a series of National Basketball Association (NBA) games. Following each prediction, the subject received feedback in the form of the actual outcome of the NBA game. After a period of initial learning about the relative strengths of the teams, the subjects were surprisingly successful in their predictions. We examined expert–novice differences by comparing the published predictions of professional oddsmakers to the predictions of the experimental subjects. The average predictions by the subjects were approximately as accurate as the predictions of experts. Finally, we applied a mathematical model, developed originally as an account of simpler learning experiments, to the subjects' responses. We found that the course of the subjects' learning about the teams was well‐described by this mo
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080703
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1994
数据来源: WILEY
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2. |
Towards understanding the effects of interviewer training in evaluating the cognitive interview |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 8,
Issue 7,
1994,
Page 641-659
Amina Memon,
Angela Holley,
Rebecca Milne,
Guenter Koehnken,
Ray Bull,
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摘要:
AbstractThe effectiveness of the cognitive interview (CI) technique has been demonstrated in experimental studies of eyewitness memory conducted in the USA, Germany, and the UK. Much of the research, however, has used college students as interviewers rather than professionals who regularly interview witnesses (e.g. police officers). The aim of this research was to examine the effects of such CI training using experienced police officers with established interviewing styles. An armed robbery was staged and information was elicited in witness interviews. The CI did not significantly increase correct recall but tended to produce more suppositions and errors. A qualitative analysis of interviewer behaviour showed that many officers had difficulty in applying the new cognitive techniques and in avoiding the use of closed and leading questions. The paper addresses two issues: first, that of training experienced police officers who have received relatively little prior training in investigative interviewing, and second, the extent to which we can generalize from the laboratory data elicited in previous studies of CI.
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080704
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1994
数据来源: WILEY
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3. |
‘Earwitness’ voice recognition: Factors affecting accuracy and impact on jurors |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 8,
Issue 7,
1994,
Page 661-677
Lori R. van Wallendael,
Amy Surace,
Deborah Hall Parsons,
Melissa Brown,
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摘要:
AbstractTwo studies were conducted examining voice recognition testimony and its impact on jurors. In the first experiment, subjects listened to a tape recording of a brief sales pitch. After a retention interval of either 0, 7 or 14 days, subjects were unexpectedly asked to pick the salesperson's voice out of a five‐voice taped lineup. Retention interval did not have a significant effect on hit rates or false alarms. Accuracy and pre‐lineup confidence were not significantly correlated, although accuracy was related to post‐lineup willingness to testify. In the second experiment, undergraduate subjects were asked to read a summary of a trial, describing a situation similar to that studied in experiment 1; the independent variables were the presence of an earwitness, the gender and confidence of the earwitness, and the retention interval. Only the presence of an earwitness had a significant main effect upon mock jurors' verdicts. However, there was a significant interaction between witness confidence and witness gender when an earwitness identification was pres
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080705
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1994
数据来源: WILEY
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4. |
Evaluating the quality and impact of mediators for learning when using associative memory strategies |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 8,
Issue 7,
1994,
Page 679-692
Eileen Wood,
Douglas R. Needham,
Janine Williams,
Robin Roberts,
Teena Willoughby,
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摘要:
AbstractRecently, a series of studies has reported much greater recall for factual information when students were asked to generate elaborations in response to ‘why’ questions (elaborative interrogation) relative to studying provided elaborations. The two experiments reported here extend and clarify research regarding the strategic benefits of generating elaborations versus providing elaborations. In both experiments, undergraduates studied 30 sentences, all of which described one particular man doing one activity. Students used one of three study strategies. In two conditions, students studied provided elaborations (PE). Half of the elaborations explained why the particular man engaged in the particular activity and half did not explain the specific relations. In the remaining condition, students generated their own elaborations. In both experiments, students were provided with their generated/provided elaborations as cues for recalling the fact at testing. When students were not explicitly cued to use the generated/ provided elaboration at recall, elaborative interrogation (EI) consistently outperformed the PE condition. Recall in the EI condition did not exceed recall in the PE condition, however, when students were provided with good explanatory elaborations and were cued with them at testing. These experiments demonstrate that the poorer performance associated with providing relative to generating elaborations can be mediated by encouraging more meaningful processing of materials and prompting students to access their mediators at rec
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080706
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1994
数据来源: WILEY
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5. |
Print adverts: Not remembered but memorable |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 8,
Issue 7,
1994,
Page 693-703
T. J. Perfect,
C. Askew,
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摘要:
AbstractAttempts to measure advertising effectiveness have relied on explicit memory measures based on recall or recognition. However, recent cognitive research has shown that not only is it possible to measure unconscious effects of prior experience through implicit tests of memory, but that such performance is independent of explicit recollection. The present study sought to determine whether it is possible to demonstrate the same pattern of findings using print advertising in an ecologically valid situation. Eighty subjects saw 25 full‐page colour magazine adverts in either a deliberate or incidental study condition and subsequently rated (on four salient dimensions) a set of 50 adverts, which included the target adverts. Following the ratings subjects were asked to indicate which of the adverts they recognized as having been in the original set. While the deliberate study group recognized around 60 per cent of the adverts, the incidental study group recognized only 11 per cent. However, both groups showed the same positive bias in attitudes towards the adverts they had been exposed to compared to the ones they had not seen before. Thus, in line with by the cognitive literature, it is possible to show shifts in attitudes that are independent of conscious recollection. This data questions advertisers' reliance one explicit memory tests as measures of advertising effectivenes
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080707
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1994
数据来源: WILEY
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6. |
Television distraction and the performance of introverts and extroverts |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 8,
Issue 7,
1994,
Page 705-711
Adrian Furnham,
Barrie Gunter,
Emma Peterson,
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摘要:
AbstractAn experiment was run to test the effect on reading comprehension of distraction by a television programme, which was presented while reading took place. Respondents, classified in terms of extroversion or introversion, carried out two reading comprehension tests in silence and in the presence of a television drama programme. As predicted, extroverts and introverts both performed better in silence, but there was a significant interaction that showed that extroverts performed better than introverts in the presence of television distraction. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research on this subject.
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080708
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1994
数据来源: WILEY
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7. |
Announcement |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 8,
Issue 7,
1994,
Page -
Graham Davies,
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ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080702
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1994
数据来源: WILEY
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