摘要:

AbstractThe main research goals for applied cognitive gerontology are deceptively simple: When do age changes in cognition first appear? How fast do they then proceed? Are changes ‘global’ so that all cognitive systems and the skills that they support change at similar rates and to the same extent, or does ageing affect some independent ‘modules’ and their ‘domain‐specific’ skills before others? We may ask parallel questions about variations in the rates of ageing between individuals: Are there marked individual differences in the ages of onset and in the rates of progression of cognitive ageing? Do all individuals experience the same patterns of cognitive change with age, or are there a variety of distinct patterns with characteristic time‐scales and aetiologies? These last questions imply the most interesting issue of all for applied cognitive psychologists: Can we slow or abolish cognitive ageing? A review of the current state of the field can be structured

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe most obvious neuropsychological application of cognitive psychology would concern rehabilitation for neurological patients with deficits in cognitive processes. We debate here the extent to which theoretical cognitive psychology is currently contributing to the design of rehabilitation. On one side of the debate our assessment suggests that, at present, theories from cognitive psychology have little impact on the majority of treatment programmes; on the other side we note some current and future theoretical developments which could enhance rapport between theory and therapy.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe nature and acquisition of complex cognitive skills have been intensively investigated over the past 20 years. From such studies in non‐medical domains it appears that experts (a) generally remember new information in their field better than do the less expert; (b) work forward to solutions; (c) form superior representations of problems; (d) are superior in knowledge, not in basic processing abilities; and (e) require extensive practice over a period of years to achieve expert status. Studies of expertise in medical diagnosis have found two major departures from the typical findings in other areas of expertise,viz. that memory for new information seems best at intermediate levels of skill rather than at high levels, and that a mixture of forward and backward reasoning (hypothetico‐deductive inference) is common at all levels of skill in medical diagnosis. These departures from findings in other domains are explained by the special characteristics of both medical knowledge and the diagnostic t

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we argue that industrial accidents are the end‐results of long chains of events that start with decisions at management level. Often these decisions create latent failures, which may remain hidden for a long time. Latent failures can be grouped into a limited number of classes, which are called general failure types. Examples are: wrongly designed machines, unsuitable work procedures, and incompatible goals. Latent failures will affect the psychological processes determining the actual behaviour of workers on the shop floor. Consequently, these workers will commit unsafe acts that, provided the system lacks appropriate defences, will cause accidents. Our discussion of accidents and their cognitive causes follows this logic, and stresses the point that, in modern industries, preventive action will be more effective when aimed at changes based on management decisions. The reason for this is that many unsafe acts are not simple slips, but intentional and reasoned actions that end in unforeseen results. Erroneous plans are not easily avoided on the shop floor, once they are invited by operational conditions replete with latent failures. However, the removal of latent failures requires a more thorough understanding of how they shape behaviour, than is provided by our current insights in cognitio

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between laboratory‐based memory research and educational research and practice. The first section addresses possible contributions of laboratory research to education. It shows that such research provides meta‐theoretical, theoretical, and conceptual frameworks to explain educationally relevant phenomena, as well as solid empirical contributions that can be applied in relevant educational settings. The second section presents several examples of empirical, educationally relevant memory research. Analysis of these studies shows the potential mutual benefits to both educatioal practice and memory research. In addition to demonstrating the relevance of memory research to education and educational practice, such research can also increase the external validity of memory research, put constraints on the scope of laboratory findings, and help refine theoretical positions. The third section of the article discusses principles to be used in evaluating the applicability and relevance of laboratory research and memory phenomena to education, and looks at ways to increase the applicability of research to educational practice. Among the outlined suggestions are choosing parameters in laboratoy‐based memory research similar to those existing in educational settings, and considering relevant interactions, laboratory effects size, and variation of relevant variables. Using broad categories of variables, including those of individual differences and non‐cognitive ones, will benefit ecologically oriented memory r

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe study of autobiographical memory has entered a new stage. Three emerging areas of research are reviewed: contents and organization of autobiographical memory; qualities of consciousness associated with remembering; functions and uses of autobiographical memory. Selected issues in each area are discussed and directions for further research proposed.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe human brain seems to be a hybrid computer, partly a highly efficient, highly evolved, massively parallel ‘intuitive’ and ‘perceptual’ processor, and, partly a slow and inaccurate serial symbol manipulator. Neural network models seem compatible with the massively parallel hardware, and are probably the best current model for the parallel part of the hybrid. Traditional symbol‐based artificial intelligence has usually based its models on the presumed properties of the symbol manipulator. Potentially, the strengths and weaknesses of the two parts of the hybrid complement each other nicely, and ultimately, a computer could make good use of both strategies simultaneously. However, the coupling between them in humans is still uneasy, perhaps because this novel combination is biologically recent. A brief discussion of human ‘computation’ suggests the virtues and problems inheren

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY