ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080502

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA naturalistic study of spatial memory having temporary utility was conducted using 32 faculty and staff of a university, who park in non‐reserved parking spaces, as subjects. The subjects, who were unaware of the study until interviewed, were asked to indicate on a map the exact location where they had parked their car on that day and on each of the three preceding days. Whereas retention accuracy decreased significantly across days, the recency effect was weak and overall retention proved to be very accurate. Of the subjects who varied their parking location, 88 per cent were able to indicate within three spaces where they parked on the day of the interview, and 58 per cent on the most remote day. Younger females made significantly larger retention errors across the four days than older females and younger and older males. Subjects' overall retention accuracy correlated with their overall confidence in their recollections (γ = .72). Daily ratings of ‘how busy on the job’, reported times left campus each day, parking location variability, particular parking lot used, and number of parking spaces in the distinct locations used were not significantly correlated with retention errors. In follow‐up interviews, subjects reported preferring a behavioural, ‘park in a favourite spot’ strategy, with several types of imagery‐based cognitive strategies being cited less frequently, and verbal encoding being the least often

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080503

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWitnesses were asked to identify a young adult female target to whom they had spoken for 15 seconds five minutes earlier in a naturalistic field setting. Subjects were given a single facial photograph or a single tape‐recorded voice of either the target or a highly similar foil, or a target‐present or target‐absent six‐person photo lineup or six‐person voice lineup. Identification of the target was superior in the six‐person photo lineup than in the one‐person photo lineup when choices were corrected for guessing. False identifications of the ‘innocent’ suspect did not differ in one‐person and six‐person photo lineups. However, the diagnosticity index indicated that witnesses were twice as likely to be more accurate than inaccurate in making a selection with the six‐person photo lineup than in the one‐person lineup. Performance was poor in both one‐person and six‐person voice lineups. With the exception of the target‐absent one‐person photo lineup, no significant correlations were found b

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080504

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe primary purpose of this study was to determine whether providing 6th‐grade students with cooperative elaborative interrogation instruction would facilitate learning relative to providing them with cooperative learning, elaborative interrogation or reading‐for‐under‐standing instructions. All students were presented with 36 factual statements about six animals. Cooperative elaborative interrogation students were instructed to work collaboratively and use their prior knowledge to state why each fact is true. Cooperative learning students were told to work collaboratively to learn target materials, while elaborative interrogation students were instructed to generate answers to the why questions on their own. Reading‐control students were also on their own and instructed to read the animal facts for understanding. For immediate free recall and immediate associative matching tests, students in the experimental conditions outperformed those in the control condition. Cooperative elaborative interrogation and elaborative interrogation students maintained this advantage on a 30‐day follow‐up associative matching test, with elaborative interrogation students maintaining a significant advantage relative to reading controls on a 60‐day associative matching follow‐up. (There was also a strong trend favouring the cooperative elaborative interrogation condition on this 60‐day measure.) The quality of the ‘why’ answer affected learning: Generating and listening to scientifically correct answers that used relevant prior knowledge to clarify target information was associated with better memory for facts than were other types of study responses. Students in this study learned the most when they were explicitly directed to activate relevant prior knowledge that supports and clarifies new information–processing that occurs following either small‐group or individual elaborativ

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080505

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVague quantifiers, terms like “quite a bit” and “hardly ever”, are often used in the response scales of psychology and social science questionnaires to measure the frequency of certain behaviours. However, responses to such questions arc confounded because people differ in their interpretations of vague quantifiers. We propose that people interpret vague quantifiers by constructing a notion of how most people behave. Examining a critical topic for media researchers–estimating the amount of television walched–we conducted two split‐ballot experiments in national surveys. Our first study (n= 1028) demonstrates that the amount people think other people watch varies according to how much television they watch themselves and the behaviour of their social group. Our second experiment (n= 1106) extends this result to the interpretation of vague quantifiers. These findings shed light on the psychological processes involved when interpreting vague quantifiers, and bring into question the validity of many s

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080506

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of this study is to find out whether the different accident rates on two roads may be explained by drivers' different appreciations of these roads. Therefore a rating scale specially developed for the evaluation of drivers' experience of the road environment was used. The study is based on the assumption that experience of the road environment is an important factor in driving behaviour. An experiment was carried out in which two roads were compared in daylight and darkness, with and without traffic. The roads were presented on films. Subjects' evaluation scores appeared to be founded on three factors, which explained 66.8 per cent of the variance. The factors were named ‘hedonic value’, ‘activational value’ and ‘perceptual variation’. Composite scores were constructed from the rating scale scores for each factor, per road, and condition. This revealed that the two roads differed on all three factors. Ambient lighting and traffic conditions also influenced the values of the factors and some interactions were found. The range of scores for one road was greater than for the other. The road that ranked lowest on activational level and perceptual variation, especially during daylight conditions with no traffic, was ranked highest on hedonic value. This combination of conditions and experiences could explain the higher rate of ‘incomprehensible’ single vehicle accidents on that road compared

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080507

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA diary study is reported in which volunteers kept records of naturally occurring lapses in the efficiency of everyday travel throughout the environment. Forty‐nine volunteers kept structured diaries over a 4‐week period, in which they supplied a free written description of each error, its possible cause and other standardized information relating to the error. The resulting data were classified into nine distinct categories of error, which occurred with varying degrees of frequency, and which ranged from wrong turnings to return route problems. The proposed causes of errors were then classified independently, resulting in five categories, which can be described under two major headings: environmental causes and cognitive causes. Finally, the error types and their causes were mapped together to provide an overall indication of their distribution. The data provide a descriptive classification of naturally occurring errors in routefinding, along with possible causes. The findings are consistent with the general finding within the cognitive mapping literature that humans possess a heuristic representation of the environment that mostly allows for efficient navigation, and that errors are more likely to occur through inattention or environmental factors rather than deficiencies within the cognitive map its

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080508

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080509

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080510

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080511

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY