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1. |
Who remembers best? Individual differences in memory for events that occurred in a science museum |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 93-107
Elizabeth F. Loftus,
Bjorn Levidow,
Sally Duensing,
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摘要:
AbstractIndividual differences in memory and suggestibility were assessed in an experiment involving 1989 people who attended the Exploratorium, a science museum located in San Francisco. Subjects watched a brief film clip of an assault and later answered questions about it. Approximately half received misinformation about some critical items. Four demographic variables (gender, educational level, age, and occupation) were examined to determine their impact on memory performance. The principle of discrepancy detection predicts that, compared to individuals with a good memory, people who have poor memory to begin with will be relatively suggestible (that is susceptible to misinformation). Some of our findings were consistent with this principle. For example, children (5–10 years) and elderly (over 65) were relatively inaccurate and also relatively suggestible. Other findings were not consistent with the principle, for example the finding that artists and architects were relatively accurate, but they were also highly suggestibl
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060202
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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2. |
Recognition memory performance and residential burglary |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 109-123
Robert Logie,
Richard Wright,
Scott Decker,
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摘要:
AbstractThis paper reports two studies of recognition memory performance in groups of juvenile residential burglars. Memory performance of the burglars was compared in Experiment 1 with police officers and a group of adult householders. In Experiment 2 a second group of juvenile burglars was compared with a group of juvenile offenders who had no experience of housebreaking. All groups were asked first to identify houses in photographs that would be attractive or otherwise to burglars. Subsequently, subjects were given a surprise recognition test where, in some photographs, physical features had been changed. Recognition memory for information about physical features of houses was significantly better for the burglary group than for the police officers, who in turn were better than members of the law‐abiding public. In Experiment 2 the juvenile burglars' recognition memory performance was significantly better than the other offenders. These results are interpreted in terms of the burglary subjects possessing a level of expertise associated with their experience of offending. This is a finding with implications for criminology and for the application of cognitive psychology to crime prevention, an area of considerable practical importanc
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060203
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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3. |
Environmental context‐dependent eyewitness recognition |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 125-139
Steven M. Smith,
Edward Vela,
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摘要:
AbstractThe present study helped resolve the apparent conflict between many laboratory list‐learning studies, which have not found environmental context‐dependent recognition memory, and staged field studies (e.g. Malpass and Devine, 1981), whose results with ‘guided memory’ techniques suggest that eyewitness face recognition should depend upon environmental context reinstatement. It was found in two different experiments that, relative to testing in a new place, returning participants to the environment where a live staged event had occurred improved performance on identification of a confederate's face (i.e., hit rate). Although physical reinstatement improved identification performance in Experiment 1, mental reinstatement instructions to subjects tested in a new environment did not improve identification performance over an uninstructed group. The environmental reinstatement effect did not interact with test delay or confederate. In Experiment 2 it was found that environmental reinstatement improved accuracy (hit rate and foil identification rate) when the correct target was present in the test line‐up, and that false identifications were not significantly affected by contextual manipulations when the correct target was absent from the line‐up. The results provide an empirical basis for the hypothesis that returning to the scene of an event improves eyewitness face
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060204
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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4. |
How accurate are time‐use reports? Effects of cognitive enhancement and cultural differences on recall accuracy |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 141-159
Patrice L. Engle,
J. Bradley Lumpkin,
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摘要:
AbstractIn order to assess the accuracy of time‐use reports, 80 young adults were observed for 2‐hour periods, and were interviewed about their activities by a different person the following day. Two experiments were performed. In the first, three different levels of cognitive enhancement were used to improve recall accuracy. Subjects were 60 California college students, 20 per group. In the second study the maximum enhancement condition was replicated with 20 Guatemalan subjects, similar in age, sex and level of education to the California subjects. Both the accuracy of their recall of specific activities, and the accuracy of their time‐duration estimates were calculated. Results indicated that the enhancement conditions in Study 1 significantly increased both the number of activities recalled accurately (from 40 to 63 per cent) and the amount of time accurately recalled (from 58 to 70 per cent). In Study 2 the Guatemalans recalled 60 per cent of their activities accurately, and recalled as much time accurately as the Californians. The Guatemalans were significantly more likely to underestimate their time. In other words, when they made errors, these were almost always underestimations. Most of the recall error could be accounted for by forgetting an activity altogether, rather than by estimating its time inaccur
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060205
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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5. |
Daily‐life difficulties in person recognition reported by young and elderly subjects |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 161-172
M. Schweich,
M. van der Linden,
S. Bredart,
R. Bruyer,
B. Nelles,
J.‐P. Schils,
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摘要:
AbstractElderly people frequently complain spontaneously about their inability to remember people and their names. Naturalistic methods such as diaries, checklists, etc. provide useful means to study and make more explicit the nature of such memory difficulties among the elderly, as well as to better understand normal memory functioning. We developed a checklist (inspired by a study by Young, Hay and Ellis, 1985) to explore normal young and elderly people's difficulties in person recognition. The checklist is composed of four parts, each one corresponding to a particular context in which the difficulty took place. Each part has the same structure and consists of precise questions about the type of incident, the circumstances, the persons involved, and the way the incident ended. Three groups of normal subjects kept records of their difficulties and errors in recognizing people for 1 month: young subjects with a bad memory for faces, young subjects without particular problems of face memory, and a group of elderly subjects. A total of 299 records were collected. They were classified with respect to the functional components presumably implied in the process breakdown. The elderly subjects experienced difficulties with retrieving names, first names, or nicknames (Name Codes), while the young subjects with a bad memory for faces reported overall the greatest number of incidents and were particularly impaired in access to Face Recognition Units. A characterization of these two kinds of difficulties is proposed. Young subjects without problems of face memory presented equal numbers of difficulties at all stages of person recognition. These patterns of results will be discussed in terms of current cognitive models of person recognition.
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060206
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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6. |
The effect of expectation on the identification of known and unknown persons |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 173-180
José H. Kerstholt,
Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers,
J. Mathieu Valeton,
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摘要:
AbstractIn this experiment we investigated the influence of expectation, exposure time and jacket hood positioning on person identification. Thirty subjects, all employees of the TNO Institute for Perception, participated in the experiment. They were presented with slides showing known and unknown persons who were photographed under bad lighting conditions. Limited viewing conditions considerably deteriorated subjects' performance and under these circumstances all experimental manipulations significantly affected identification accuracy. Contrary to what was expected longer exposure times impaired performance. The results are discussed in light of recent research on face recognition (Bruce and Young, 1986; Read, Vokey, and Hammersley, 1990).
ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060207
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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7. |
THE cognitive structure of emotions. Andrew Ortony, Gerald Clore and Alan Collins. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988. No. of pages: 207. ISBN 0‐521‐35364‐5. Price: $29.95 |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 181-182
Mahzarin Banaji,
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ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060208
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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8. |
Lines of thinking: Reflections on the psychology of thought, vols. 1 and 2. K. J. Gilhooly, M. T. G. Keane, R. H. Logie and G. Erdos (Eds), John Wiley&Sons, Chichester, 1990. No. of pages: 367 and 361. Volume 1: ISBN 0471‐924‐22 X (hardback); volume 2: ISBN 4719‐24776 (hardback). Price: £35 per volume. The set: ISBN 4719‐30245. Price: £80 |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 183-184
Barbara Dritschel,
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ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060209
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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9. |
Witness for the defense. Elizabeth Loftus and Katherine Ketcham, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. No. of pages: 288. ISBN 0‐312‐05537‐4 (hardback). Price $19.95 |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 184-185
Gary L. Wells,
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ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060210
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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10. |
Some further comments on Loftus and Ketcham |
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Applied Cognitive Psychology,
Volume 6,
Issue 2,
1992,
Page 185-186
Michael Gruneberg,
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ISSN:0888-4080
DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060211
出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd
年代:1992
数据来源: WILEY
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